Live prey

Smell receptors in the marine carnivorous Hawaiian goatfish, Parupeneus por-phyreus (Mullidae), located on the chin barbels, mediate both arousal and food searching in response to prey homogenate and rinse of intact live prey. The... 

Thus the rapidly developing molecular approaches may help us obtain more-realistic ingestion rates of Phaeocystis and other live prey in situ. However, to further reveal and quantify mechanisms controlling the complex trophic interactions between Phaeocystis and its predators, new approaches need to be developed. In concert with the recent review by Pohnert (2004) we conclude that such development will probably be as complex as the interactions it tries to reveal. Developing successful innovative approaches and better quantitative analytical tools will depend largely upon multidisciplinary efforts between chemists, molecular biologists and plankton ecologists. 

Spiders are generally carnivorous and feed only on living prey. They can crush it with processes on the pedipalps, and the chelicerae almost always have glands that can inject a venom. The bite of some large spiders can be... 

ESTEVEZ A, MCEVOY L A, BELL G and SARGENT J R (1999) Growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae fed live prey enriched in AA and EPA. Aquaculture, vol. 180, pp. 321-343. 

Live microalgae as feeds in aquaculture hatcheries 129 4.3.4 Live prey... 

FAULK c K and holt g j (2005) Advances in rearing cobia Rachycentron canadum larvae in recirculating aquaculture systems Live prey enrichment and greenwater culture. Aquaculture, 249, 231-243. 

Copepods may be provided during a sensitive period (Atlantic halibut N 6SS and Lie, 1998) or as a supplement to the traditional feed - (e.g. turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Stpttrup and Norsker, 1997 Dover sole (Solea solea) Heath and Moore, 1997). In these systems, Artemia nauplii seem to meet energy requirements, while the copepods supplement the diet with essential nutrients for improved growth, survival or higher proportion of normally developed fry. Preserved copepods were also shown to be beneficial as a supplement to traditional live prey for an ornamental fish Amphip-rion clarkia using frozen preserved copepods harvested from the wild (Olivotto et al, 2010). 

GIMENEZ G, PADROS F, ROQUE A, ESTEVEZ A and FURONES D (2006) Bacterial load reduction of live prey for fish larval feeding using Ox-Aquaculture . Aquaculture Research 37(11) 1130-1139. 

Some authors have studied the biochemical composition of paralarvae and their live preys. Navarro and Villanueva (2000,2003) reported a deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the diets utilised (usually enriched Artemia) as a cause of the low growth and survival in cultivation. They indicated the importance of the DHA in the composition of the juveniles of octopus, sepia and squid. Okumura et aL (2005) increased the proportion of PUFA in the diet using Artemia supplemented with flakes of A. 

DOMINGUES P M, POIRIER R, DICKEL L, ALMANSA E, SYKES A and ANDRADE J P (2003) Effects of culture density and live prey on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis . Aquae Int, 11,225-242. 

To feed captive jellyfish requires basic knowledge of the feeding behaviour of the species in their natural environment (Table 13.2). Most jellyfish and ctenophores are predators and most require living prey. The best is to feed with fresh zooplankton, but few caretakers have daily access. Feeding jellyfish with a variety of items is very important to ensure the growth. Newly-hatched Anemia salina nauplii are used to feed most jellies. This serves well as the basis during the entire life-cycle however, nutritional supplements are necessary. Without additions to their diets, captive jellyfish become deformed and may die. Dietary additives (encapsulated diets, e.g. produced by INVE) for A. salina nauplii are commercially available. 

While the processes for excretion of heavy metals are reasonably well developed in humans, they do not exist in all species and have limitations in humans as well. In fact, the active processes undertaken by organs such as the kidneys to excrete metals also causes a breakdown of sensitive tissues and structures within the kidney, leading to chronic disease if exposure to the metal continues. Many animal and plant species simply store the metal elements as ions in their tissues. When these animals and plants die or are taken by a higher-level consumer as live prey, the stored metals enter the food web. As higher-level consumers ingest greater quantities of the metal, metal elements become magnified in the food web. 

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