Lithium reducing ability

Lithium reduces the kidney s ability to concentrate urine and may cause a nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with low urine specific gravity and low osmolality polyuria (urine volume greater than 3 L/day). This may be treated with loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, or triamterene. If a thiazide diuretic is used, lithium doses should be decreased by 50% and lithium and potassium levels monitored. 

Lithium indium hydride (LiInH4), prepared in situ by mixing LiH and InCl3 in ether, readily reduces aldehydes. Reduction of ketones is less effective giving lower yields of alcohols. A carbon-carbon double bond is not reduced.364 Acid chlorides are converted to esters with this reagent. Esters, in turn, are little affected. The reducing ability of... 

Think about this Lithium is a popular metal used in batteries. What does this say about lithium s ability to be a reducing agent ... 

For reactions of this type, the relative reducing powers of the alkali metals can be predicted from the first ionization energies listed in Table 12.9. Since it is much easier to remove an electron from a cesium atom than from a lithium atom, cesium should be the better reducing agent. The expected trend in reducing ability is... 

Acute renal failure, e.g. cuninoglycosides, cisplatin Nephrotic syndrome, e.g. penicillamine, gold, cap-topril (only at higher doses than now recommended) Chronic renal failure, e.g. NSAIDs Functional impairment, i.e. reduced ability to dilute and concentrate urine (lithium), potassium loss in urine (loop diuretics), acid-base imbalance (acetazolamide). 

The substitution of hydride ligands in [BH ] and [A1H4]" anions by other groups is an effective approach to the modification of the reducing abilities of these reagents. Many substituted hydrides have been synthesized by replacement of H- in the [BH4] anion. For example, alkali metal trialkylborohydrides and trialkoxyborohydrides, as well as sodium and lithium cyanoborohydrides O" and dicyanoborohydrides, 2,l5 been... 

A particularly interesting property of lithium aluminium hydride is its ability to reduce carboxylic acids and its derivatives to primary alcohol. 

To overcome the poor mechanical properties of polymer and gel polymer type electrolytes, microporous membranes impregnated with gel polymer electrolytes, such as PVdF. PVdF—HFP. and other gelling agents, have been developed as an electrolyte material for lithium batteries.Gel coated and/ or gel-filled separators have some characteristics that may be harder to achieve in the separator-free gel electrolytes. For example, they can offer much better protection against internal shorts when compared to gel electrolytes and can therefore help in reducing the overall thickness of the electrolyte layer. In addition the ability of some separators to shutdown... 

The anticonvulsant properties of the drug would appear to be due to its ability to inhibit fast sodium channels, which may be unrelated to its psychotropic effects. Like lithium, it has been shown to decrease the release of noradrenaline and reduce noradrenaline-induced adenylate cyclase activity unlike lithium, it seems to have little effect on tryptophan or 5-HT levels in patients at therapeutically relevant concentrations. It also reduces dopamine turnover in manic patients and increases acetylcholine... 

We have already noted the ability of complex metal hydrides like lithium aluminium hydride and sodium borohydride to reduce the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones, giving alcohols (see Section 7.5). These reagents deliver hydride in such a manner that it appears to act as a nucleophile. However, as we have seen, the aluminium hydride anion is responsible for transfer of the hydride and... 

Table XIII (189-199) gives details of solid-state lithium amide monomeric complexes (69)—(87). These include just three [(79), (80), and (87)] solvent-separated ion pairs. The remainder are contact-ion pairs, each with an (amido)N—Li bond. Association to dimers or higher oligomers is prevented sterically. The size of the R and/or R group in the RR N- anions can lead to monomers even when Li+ is complexed only by a single bidentate (e.g., TMEDA) or by two monodentate (e.g., THF or Et20) ligands. In such cases [(69), (71), (72), (75)-(78), and (81)—(83) ], the lithium centers are only three coordinate. Electronic factors in the anion [notably, B N multiple bonding in (75)—(78) ] also may reduce the charge density at N, and lower the ability to bridge two...

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