Lithium manganese dioxide, primary applications

Raman NS, Davenport AJ Sink MS (2010) Development of high energy lithium manganese dioxide primary cell for military applications. In Proceedings 44th Power Sources Conference, Las Vegas, 14—17 June, pp 111-113... 

Lithium primary batteries with liquid cathodes are a relatively mature technology. Incremental improvements in capacity and performance may occur through design modifications and the use of new materials such as improved carbons in the passive cathode. The U.S. Army is adopting Lithium/Manganese Dioxide replacements for some of the Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide Batteries listed in Table 1 in certain applications. These replacements provide higher capacity and energy at room temperature but not at lower temperature. See the chapter on Lithium Primary Cells Solid Cathodes in this work. 

Primary Batteries for Military Applications, Table 2 Military applications for lithium manganese dioxide batteries ... 

MU204 is also less expensive than cobalt and nickel and is easily available as raw material the manganese dioxide is also environmentally more tolerable than Ni or Co. Therefore, and also because manganese materials have a long tradition as active substances in batteries (more recently also in lithium primary batteries), its applicability for lithium-ion batteries is under investigation. 

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