Lithium carbanions, substitution

The proposed mechanism of this reaction is composed by an initial S v2-type nucleophilic substitution reaction of 113 with the nucleophilic a-sulfonyl lithium carbanion to give the alkylmagnesium species (114) having a sulfonyl group at the / -position. Then, a -elimination reaction of magnesium sulfinate from the intermediate (114) occurs... 

Application of the method described above to unsymmetrical cyclic ketones such as 2-substituted cyclohexanones gave 2,7-disubstituted and 2,2,7-trisubstituted cycloheptanones (Scheme 8). Treatment of a-sulfinyl lithium carbanion of 1-chloroethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide with 2-substituted cyclohexanones (210a and 210b) afforded adducts as a mixture of two diastereomers. The main adducts were first treated with f-BuMgCl followed by i-PrMgCl (4 equiv) at 0°C to room temperature to give the magnesium /3-oxido carbenoid 211. The... 

The reaction was extended to 1,3-dienyltins, giving the corresponding lithiated reagents, both in terminal633-635 or internal636 position, which can be substituted by alkoxy groups637. Recently, a 1,3,5-trienyl lithium carbanion was prepared in a similar way from 22 and used for a further synthesis (equation 48)638. 

By reaction of cationic carbonyl complexes with lithium carbanions, neutral acyl complexes are prepared. Whereas treatment of [> -CpFe(CO)3]BF4 with (a) PhLi gives the expected > -CpFe(CO)2 [C(0)Ph] in 80% yield, with (b) MeLi only traces of > -CpFe(CO)2 [C(0)Me] can be detected . This complex and other phosphane-substituted acyl compounds of the type f -CpM(CO)L[C(0)Me] [M = Fe, Ru L = CO, PPh3, P(hex)j], as well as >/ -CpMo(CO)2P(hex)3[C(0)Me] (prepared by different routes), are protonated with and alkylated with [R3 0]BF4 reversibly, yielding cationic hydroxy- and alkoxy(methyl)carbene complexes, respectively . The formation of the ( + )- and ( —)-acetyl complex / -CpFe(C0)(PPh3)[C(0)Me] from the ( + )-and ( —)-conformers of optically active > -CpFe(C0XPPh3)[C(0)0-menthyl] and MeLi occurs with inversion of configuration at the asymmetric iron atom . 

Excluding the a-P-, a-Si-substituted carbanions which are listed in Table 2, there exist relatively few simple a-P-substituted carbanions whose structures are known. References to the crystal structures of some tri (alkyl or aryl) substituted phosphines are listed in Table 4. Few if any of these compounds have been utilized as synthetic reagents. Only two synthetically useful phosphorus-stabilized carbanions of Group la or Ila metal cations have been examined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Hie lithium carbanion of 2-benzyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-diazaphosphorinane (198) crystallizes as a monomeric bis-THF solvate (199) with a tricoordinate lithium atom. The magnesium salt of diethoxyphosphinyl acetone (200) is cluirac-terized as an intramolecularly chelated trimer similar in structure to [Mg(acac)]3. The Cu salt of this 3-keto phosphorus-stabilized anion exists only as a monomer. 

Dimethyl-4,8-dioxaspiro[2.5]oct-l-ene is a synthetically useful precursor for cyclopropenones because of its stability and ready availability. The sodium derivative 1 of the cyclopropenone acetal in liquid ammonia reacted with alkyl halides giving alkyl-substituted cyclopropenone acetals 3. The lithiated cyclopropenone acetal 4 was generated by treating the cyclopropenone acetal with one equivalent of butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran. Reaction of the lithium carbanion 4 with alkyl halides proceeded cleanly in the presence of two equivalents of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (Table 1, entries 1-4). The lithium compound underwent nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds smoothly at — 70 C giving hydroxymethyl derivatives 5 (Table 1, entries 5-10). 

The steroidal a-(isocyanomethyl)phosphonates (130) and (133) have been synthesized by methylation of the carbanions (129) and (132), respectively.66 Compounds (130) and (133) behave as N,P-ketals in that they can be hydrolysed to the corresponding ketones (131) and (134) (Scheme 10). A range of a-substituted a-aminophosphonic acids (136) have been prepared in moderate to excellent yield by the alkylation of the protected a-aminophosphonate (135) with alkyl and aryl halides and Michael acceptors under phase transfer catalysis (Scheme 11).67 The reactions of the lithium carbanion of diethyl prop-2-enyIphosphonate (137) with a,P-unsaturated ketones and esters have been investigated.6S Attack can be at the a- or y-positions in the phosphonate although in all cases Michael addition to the a, p-unsaturated carbonyl is preferred to attack at carbonyl carbon. In some examples simple adducts (138) are formed, but in more complex cases addition is followed by cyclisation to give (139) (Scheme 12). The bisphosphonate (141), which is a potent inhibitor of myo-inositol monophosphatase, has been prepared with the phosphonylation of the carbanion of (140) as a key step.6 9... 

So far, the only examples of a-oxy-substituted benzylic precursors leading to lithium carbanions of considerable configurational stability are secondary carbamates 214 [131] and secondary 2,4,6-trisubstituted benzoates 215 [132,... 

This reaction showed high enantioselectivity even when (-)-sparteine was added after hthiation of the carboxamide. Also, the racemic lithium carbanion derived from the racemic tin precursor via metal exchange reaction, gave products with high enantioselectivity [Eq. (41)], whereas when the carbanion prepared from the corresponding chiral tin compound was reacted with an electrophile such as TMSCl without (-)-sparteine it yielded racemic product. These results indicate that the reaction of the lithiated 3-phenylpropionamide proceeds through an asymmetric substitution pathway. Furthermore, a warm-cool procedure and then reaction with a substoichiometric amount of an electrophile confirmed a dynamic thermodynamic resolution pathway for this reaction. 

The effects of electrophiles and solvents on the stereochemistry of electrophilic substitution of a lithium carbanion generated from (5, )-l-phenylbut-2-en-l-yl diiso-propylcarbamate have been examined using various acids and carbon electrophiles. The stereochemical outcomes have been described in terms of the existence of an equilibrium involving a solvent-separated ion pair and three different kinds of contact ion pairs in which the ligand coordinated to the lithium atom differs. 

Most DKRs of this type are achieved with lithium carbanions possessing O [136], N [137], S [138] and Se [139] atoms at the a-position. Enantioenrichment with lithiated N,N-diisopropyl-o-ethylbenzamide arises from DKR in a similar way to the a-hetero-substituted carbanions [140]. 

Muller JFK, Kulicke KJ, Neuburger M, Spichty M (2001) Carbanions substituted by transition metals synthesis, structure, and configurational restrictions of a lithium titanium phosphonate. Angew Chem Int Ed 12 2890-2893. doi 10.1002/1521-3773(20010803) 40 15<2890 AID-ANIE2890>3.0.CO 2-T... 

The first report on the addition of carbanions a-substituted by a chiral sulfinyl group to carbonyl functions described the reaction with symmetrical ketones3. It was found that meta-lation of ( + )-(S)-(methylsulfinylmethyl)benzene followed by quenching with acetone gives a mixture of diastereomeric /i-hydroxysulfoxides in a 15 1 ratio. This ratio depends on the presence or absence of extra lithium salts i.c., the source of the mcthyllithium used in deprotonation67. 

On substitution of allyllithium with methyl groups, the structures are distorted tt complexes becoming more jj -like. The previously described allyllithiums are contact ion pairs (CIP) whose dissociation is too low to permit study of the free carbanion. However, this is not the case for a more delocalized system such as 1,3-diphenylallyl whose lithium salts can exist as solvent separated ion pairs (SSIP) in ethereal solutions for which the organic moiety could be treated essentially as a free carbanion55 Boche and coworkers studied the effect of substitution at C(2) in their 1,3-diphenylallyl lithiums on the rotational barriers... 

The reaction (a Schlenk dimerization) between the phosphine-borane-substituted alkene nPr2P(BH3) (Me3Si)C=CH2 and elemental lithium in THF yields the complex [(pmdeta)Li Prn2P(BH3) (Me3Si)CCH2]2 123 which in the solid state has a lithium bound to the BH3 hydrogens of the ligand, and no Li-C(carbanion) contact (pmdeta = N,N,N, N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine).85... 

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