Lithiasis

Ftiedel-Crafts acetylation of cyclohex ibenzene gave 4-cyclohexylacetophenone which was used as an iatermediate for the preparation of 2,4-dioxo-4-substituted-l-butanoic acid detivatives useful ia treating utinary tract calcium oxalate lithiasis (98). 

Urinary lithiasis is a disease in which calculi form in the kidney and urinary tract. Roughly 5 % of the human population suffers to some degree from urinary lithiasis. A number of severely afflicted patients (e.g. ca. 60,000 in West Germany and more than 100,000 in the U.S.) are hospitalized yearly for major surgical treatment. Obviously, nephrolithiasis is not only a common ailment but also an issue of great social and economic consequence. 

Hypouricemia and increased excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine are associated with xanthine oxidase deficiency due to a genetic defect or to severe liver damage. Patients with a severe enzyme deficiency may exhibit xanthinuria and xanthine lithiasis. 

If the patient had a severe attack of gouty arthritis, a complicated course of uric acid lithiasis, a substantially elevated serum uric acid (greater than 10 mg/dL), or a 24-hour urinary excretion of uric acid of more than 1,000 mg, then prophylactic treatment should be instituted immediately after resolution of the acute episode. 

Use sulindac with caution in patients with a history of renal lithiasis and keep patients well hydrated while receiving the drug. 

Lithiasis. A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions. 

Before starting chronic therapy for gout, patients in whom hyperuricemia is associated with gout and urate lithiasis must be clearly distinguished from those who have only hyperuricemia. In an asymptomatic person with hyperuricemia, the efficacy of long-term drug treatment is unproved. In some individuals, uric acid levels may be elevated up to 2 standard deviations above the mean for a lifetime without adverse consequences. 

Polygonum aviculare L. P. viviparum L. China Avicularin, caffeic acid, tannin, chlorogenic acid, vitamin E.33-60 Treat urethritis, lithiasis, and chyluria. Against dysentery and parotitis, an antiascardiasis agent. 

IU/1, and urinary amylase 2895 IU/1. There was no evidence of tumor, hypertriglyceridemia, or lithiasis. In addition to prednisone, she was taking amlodipine, bromazepam, and omeprazole, none of which have been reported to cause pancreatitis. A marked improvement was noted after prednisone withdrawal. 

Local anesthetics containing an amide linkage are metabolized principally by the liver.Thus, patients with hepatic disease may be more likely to exhibit toxic effects from the injectable anesthetics. Local tissue infiltration or nerve blocks should be avoided or performed using minimally effective anesthetic doses in patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis, extrahepatic obstruction (e.g., lithiasis), or other clinically significant hepatic dysfunction. 

Nonneoplastic forms Prostatic hypertrophy Renal tuberculosis Renal lithiasis Calculi of the bladder Cystic diseases Urethral stricture Hypospadias Neurogenic bladder Nephritis... 

Inhalation via a demand valve of nitrous oxide and oxygen, as in obstetrics, may be used temporarily in other situations e.g. urinary lithiasis, trigeminal neuralgia, during postoperative chest physiotherapy, for changing painful dressings and in emergency ambulances. 

Increased urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate may lead to urinary lithiasis. 

Cohen-Solal F, Abdelmoula J, Hoarau MP, Jimgers P, Lacour B, Daudon M. Les lithiases urinaires d origine med-icamenteuse. [Urinary lithiasis of medical origin.] Therapie 2001 56(6) 743-50. 

Ceftriaxone has been associated with mostly asymptomatic and reversible bihary sludge. The condition is defined by the presence of low amphtude echoes with absent postacoustic shadows in the gallbladder on ultrasonography and has also been called bihary pseudo-lithiasis (100). Findings consistent with the presence of cholehthiasis (high amphtude echoes with acoustic shadowing) have also been reported (101). 

Cometta A, Gallot-Lavallee-Villars S, Iten A, Cantoni L, Anderegg A, Gonvers JJ, Glauser MP. Incidence of gallbladder lithiasis after ceftriaxone treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990 25(4) 689-95. 

A 74-year-old woman with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis was given sulfasalazine followed by methotrexate, both of which were withdrawn because of adverse effects. She also took prednisone 10 mg/day. She developed acute abdominal pain and fever (38.7 C) with no chills. Her serum amylase was 269 IU/1, serum lipase 300 IU/1, and urinary amylase 2895 IU/1. There was no evidence of tumor, hypertriglyceridemia, or lithiasis. In addition to prednisone, she was taking amlodipine, bromazepam, and omeprazole, none of which have been reported to cause pancreatitis. A marked improvement was noted after prednisone withdrawal. 

Sautereau D, Moesch C, Letard JC, Cessot F, Gainant A, PiUegand B. Recurrence of bUiaiy drug lithiasis due to dipyridamole. Endoscopy 1997 29(5) 421-3. 

Mashako MNL, Cezard JP, Boige N, Chayvialle JA, et al. The effect of artificial feeding on cholestasis, gallbladder sludge and lithiasis in infants correlation with plasma cholecystokinin levels. Clin Nutr 1991 10 320-7. 

Kubota M, Nishi-Nagase M, Sakakihara Y, Noma S, Nakamoto M, Kawaguchi H, Yanagisawa M. Zonisamide-induced urinary lithiasis in patients with intractable epilepsy. Brain Dev 2000 22(4) 230-3. 

Guitard J, Kamar N, Mouzin M, Borde JS, Tran-Van T, Durand D, et al. Sulfadiazine-related obstructive urinary tract lithiasis an unusual cause of acute renal failure after kidney transplantation. Clinical nephrology. 2005 May 63(5) 405-7. 

In conclusion, the kidney protects itself against calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis/lithiasis at different levels. Failure or saturation of these protection mechanisms, might explain why patients develop renal and/ or urinary tract calcifications. 

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