Metal liquid density

A liquid of density 2.0 g/cm forms a meniscus of shape corresponding to /3 = 80 in a metal capillary tube with which the contact angle is 30°. The capillary rise is 0.063 cm. Calculate the surface tension of the liquid and the radius of the capillary, using Table II-l. 

Reduction to Liquid Metal. Reduction to Hquid metal is the most common metal reduction process. It is preferred for metals of moderate melting point and low vapor pressure. Because most metallic compounds are fairly insoluble in molten metals, the separation of the Hquified metal from a sohd residue or from another Hquid phase of different density is usually complete and relatively simple. Because the product is in condensed form, the throughput per unit volume of reactor is high, and the number and si2e of the units is rninimi2ed. The common furnaces for production of Hquid metals are the blast furnace, the reverberatory furnace, the converter, the flash smelting furnace, and the electric-arc furnace (see Furnaces, electric). 

Vh = vapor velocity through valve holes, ft/sec P = tray aeration factor, dimensionless AP = tray pressure drop, in. liquid pvm = valve metal density, tj = tray deck thickness, in. 

Pvm = Valve metal density, Ib/ft a = Surface tension of liquid, dy nes/cm... 

In some metal components it is possible to form oxides and carbides, and in others, especially those with a relatively wide solid solubility range, to partition the impurity between the solid and the liquid metal to provide an equilibrium distribution of impurities around the circuit. Typical examples of how thermodynamic affinities affect corrosion processes are seen in the way oxygen affects the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in sodium and lithium environments. In sodium systems oxygen has a pronounced effect on corrosion behaviour whereas in liquid lithium it appears to have less of an effect compared with other impurities such as C and Nj. According to Casteels Li can also penetrate the surface of steels, react with interstitials to form low density compounds which then deform the surface by bulging. For further details see non-metal transfer. 

The electrolysis apparatus operates well above the melting point of aluminum (660 °C), and liquid aluminum has a higher density than the molten salt mixture, so pure liquid metal settles to the bottom of the reactor. The pure metal is drained through a plug and cast into ingots. 

Achener, P. Y., 1964, The Determination of the Latent Heat of Vaporization, Vapor Pressure, Enthalpy, and Density of Liquid Rubidium and Cesium up to 1,800°F, Proc. 1963 High Temperature Liquid Metal Heat Transfer Technology Meeting, Vol. 1, pp. 3-25 USAEC Rep. ORNL-3605. (2) Achener, P. Y, 1965, The Determination of the Latent Heat of Vaporization, Vapor Pressure of Potassium from 1,000-1,900°F, Aerojet-General Nucleonics Rep. AGN-8141. (2)... 

For liquid metals, one has to set up density functionals for the electrons and for the particles making up the positive background (ion cores). Since the electrons are to be treated quantum mechanically, their density functional will not be the same as that used for the ions. The simplest quantum statistical theories of electrons, such as the Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac theories, write the electronic energy as the integral of an energy density e(n), a function of the local density n. Then, the actual density is found by minimizing e(n) + vn, where v is the potential energy. Such... 

With the addition of a pseudopotential interaction between electrons and metal ions, the density-functional approach has been used82 to calculate the effect of the solvent of the electrolyte phase on the potential difference across the surface of a liquid metal. The solvent is modeled as a repulsive barrier or as a region of dielectric constant greater than unity or both. Assuming no specific adsorption, the metal is supposed to be in contact with a monolayer of water, modeled as a region of 3-A thickness (diameter of a water molecule) in which the dielectric constant is 6 (high-frequency value, appropriate for nonorientable dipoles). Beyond this monolayer, the dielectric constant is assumed to take on the bulk liquid value of 78, although the calculations showed that the dielectric constant outside of the monolayer had only a small effect on the electronic profile. 

Modern theories of electronic structure at a metal surface, which have proved their accuracy for bare metal surfaces, have now been applied to the calculation of electron density profiles in the presence of adsorbed species or other external sources of potential. The spillover of the negative (electronic) charge density from the positive (ionic) background and the overlap of the former with the electrolyte are the crucial effects. Self-consistent calculations, in which the electronic kinetic energy is correctly taken into account, may have to replace the simpler density-functional treatments which have been used most often. The situation for liquid metals, for which the density profile for the positive (ionic) charge density is required, is not as satisfactory as for solid metals, for which the crystal structure is known. 

Pe — Electrical resistivity of metal Pm — Density of liquid metal at T... 

The results for the density profile of water near other metals are also similar to the one discussed above. Howeva, the density profile of water near liquid mercury is significantly less pronounced than that of water near the Pt surface or the solid mercury surface, reflecting the fluidity of the metal, which smears out the profile. The oscillatory density profile of the mercury atoms is consistent with many theoretical and experimental studies of liquid metals and their surfaces. 

Liquid metals represent a special case in the estimation of two phase void fractions. Because of the great differences in vapor and liquid density, very low qualities correspond to high void fractions, and for the same reason very large slip velocity ratios occur. In a recent paper. Smith et al. (S13) review previous measurements of void fractions in... 

Silvery-white metal body-centered cubic crystals ductile soft and very hght (the fourth lightest metaUic element) Mobs hardness 0.3 density 1.522 g/cm3 at 18°C melts at 39.3°C density of the liquid metal 1.472 g/mL at 39°C vaporizes at 689°C producing a blue vapor vapor pressure 1 torr at 294°C and 10 torr at 387°C electrical resistivity 11.6 microhm-cm at 0°C and 13.1 mirohm-cm at 25°C viscosity 0.484 centipoise at 100°C magnetic susceptibility 0.09x10 cgs units at 18°C thermal neutron absorption cross section 0.73 barns reacts violently with water... 

The melting of the Si (100) surface has previously been investigated with classical molecular dynamics simulation. However, it is now known that these potentials fail to capture much of the this process. Upon melting. Si goes from a 4-fold coordinated semiconductor to a metallic liquid. The density of the liquid is about ten percent higher than in the solid. The average coordination number is between 6 and 7, which is rather low for a metal. This low coordination number is indicative of persistant remnants of covalent bonding. Moreover, recent ab initio simulations of the liquid show that spin effects play an important role. ... 

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