Liquid hydrocarbon treating

Each 8 to 12 ft bed of packing is approximately equivalent to one theoretical stage. When more than one theoretical stage is required, it is necessary to use multiple beds with effective dispenser/supporc plates for each bed. Most liquid hydrocarbon treating requirements can be accomplished with three or less theoretical stages therefore, one to three beds of packing are commonly used in commercial installations. 

The liquid hydrocarbon stream to be treated may be a crude oil, heavy crude oil, bitumen, or a refined fraction of the crude oil. The hydrogen gas stream is added to the mixture of the hydrocarbon stream with the organic solvent. The reactor, which is fed upflow, is a packed bed of biocatalyst dispersed on a support and is operated at about 74°C. Alternatively, the reactor can also be a batch reactor under stirring conditions. 

The biocatalyst may be supported on a Lewis acid. Elemental sulfur is removed from the liquid hydrocarbons and the recovered solvent is counter-currently washed with water in a separate unit. Prior to reuse, the solvent is distilled to decontaminate it from remaining water or sulfur slurry. The treated product not only has a reduced concentration of organic sulfur compounds, but also its viscosity is reduced. 

Amine treating Treatment Absorption Remove acidic contaminants Sour gas, hydrocarbons with CO2 and H2S Acid-free gases and liquid hydrocarbons... 

This means that the phase changes observed have comparatively less Importance for the thermodynamics of the system. On the other hand, the changes and modifications of the association structures within the isotropic liquid hydrocarbon or alcohol phase pose a series of interesting problems. Some of these have recently been treated in review articles by Fendler — who focussed on surfactant inter-association emphasizing consecutive equilibria and their thermodynamics. The following description will focus on the Intermolecular interaction between different kinds of molecules and the Importance of these interactions for the "inverse" association structures. 

Because of its apolar interior, the lipid bilayer is a barrier to diffusional equilibration of solutes between the two aqueous compartments that it separates. The ability of most small solute molecules (50 < molecular weight < 300) to cross the bilayer is directly proportional to their ability to partition into hexadecane or olive oil from an aqueous solution (58), which is an observation first made by Overton (59) and is often referred to as Overton s Law. Permeation of lipid bilayers by small polar molecules and ions seems to occur via one or a combination of both of two mechanisms depending on the nature of the permeants and the nature of the bilayers. First, a solubility-diffusion mechanism treats the bilayer as a slab of liquid hydrocarbon sandwiched between two bulk aqueous compartments. The permeant must partition into the bilayer slab from one of the aqueous compartments, diffuse across it, and leave by dissolving into the second aqueous compartment. In this case, the permeability coefficient, P, is given by ... 

Recently, Ma et al.238 explored a novel ODS method of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, which combines a catalytic oxidation step of the sulfur compounds using molecular oxygen followed by an adsorption step to remove oxidized sulfur compounds in the treated fuel using an AC. The ODS of an MJF and a real JP-8 jet fuel was conducted in a batch system at ambient conditions. They found that the oxidation using... 

Thus, calcium fluoride becomes the end waste product. Acid-free process wastewater that may include rainwater from the acid-free area of the units is directed to wastewater treating systems. As a general rule there are no nonacid liquid hydrocarbon waste streams. 

Partition chromatography (M4) is an elution-separation operation conducted over such a supported liquid-phase treating agent. Vapor-phase partition chromatography (or gas chromatography ) has recently undergone extensive development as an analytical tool. Fredericks and Brooks (FI) deal with its application to hydrocarbon mixtures, and Keulemans (K2) provides a comprehensive report on its uses. 

The production of synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas has a low environmental impact. All waste water leaving the complex would first be treated to allow discharge into a river. As a general principle, the re-use of process water and condensate would be designed to minimize discharge of waste water. The only non-solid effluents would be clean water produced in the process and sulphur-free flue gases. As for solid waste, spent catalyst can conceivably be returned to the catalyst manufacturer for metals recovery. 

Although these liquid products, if treated and sold in a suitable place, might yield a higher revenue than methanol, it may be questionable whether marketing these relatively small quantities of liquid hydrocarbons at the location of large methanol-from-coal plants would make economic sense in view of transportation and storage cost. 

Fluorination of plastics, usually polypropylene or polyethylene, is by far the most common modification. Containers are t3 ically manufactured by a blow molding process where they are protected by a fluorination process applied on line or, more frequently, off line. The first patent for this process was issued in 1975 and numerous other patents, some of them issued quite recently have made further improvements to the process. The latest processes use a reactive gas containing 0.1 to 1% fluorine to treat parison within the mold after it was expanded. Containers treated by this process are barrier to polar liquids, hydrocarbon fuels, and carbon fuels containing polar liquids such as alcohols, ethers, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, etc. Superior performance is achieved when a hydrogen purge precedes the exposure of the container to oxygen. 

A condenser, to cool the gas stream and remove water and/or liquid hydrocarbons from the gas stream. Water must be treated, and condensed organics may be recycled or incinerated... 

The produced fluids are separated into three streams natural gas, liquid hydrocarbon (crude oil or hydrocarbon condensate), and produced water and solids. The liquid hydrocarbon stream is treated to remove the produced water before being shipped to a refinery. The produced water can vary in composition from condensed water to brine. The brine may contain a range of soluble salts at concentrations as high as 25 %. The produced water stream may be treated prior to disposal or re-injection. The gas stream may be further treated in a gas plant to separate the various hydrocarbon fractions and to remove the H2S emd CO2. If the wells produce significant concentrations of H2S, it is removed... 

Treating liquid hydrocarbons, 301-314 operating problems, 301, 303-305 components (feed cleanup system), 302-303 inadequate treating correction, 305-307 vertical wash towers, 307-309 water washing, 309-310 drying, 310-311 haze (jet fuel), 311-313 electrostatic precipitator, 313 troubleshooting problems, 314... 

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