Liquid filtration equipment

In this subsection, basic design theory for preliminary sizing and specifying equipment are reviewed. Some sample design calculations are included. References cited at the end of tlie chapter can be consulted for more detailed information and design methods. For solid-liquid separation methods, the reader should refer to Liquid Filtration, 2" edition, by N. P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemarui Publishers (1998). 

When specifying filtration equipment for an intended application one must first account for the parameters goverrung the application and then select the filtration equipment best suited for the job. There are two important parameters that must be considered, namely the method to be used for forcing liquid through the medium, and the material that will constitute the filter medium. 

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Vacuum filtration has many advantages, not the least being the fact that the feed slurry, often containing abrasive solids in a corrosive liquid, can be delivered by gravity flow or by low pressure pumps which need only to overcome the resistance in the feed pipework. In addition, vacuum filtration equipment does not have to withstand high pressures... 

C.02.005 states the requirements for the use of automatic, mechanical, and electronic equipment, including computerized systems, and the foreword of the interpretation of regulation C.02.024 the requirements for the maintenance of backup data. The Canadian GMP code does not have correspondence to regulation 211.72, which states the requirements for the filters for liquid filtration used in the manufacture of injectable products. Nor does it cover requirements for the use of fiber-releasing or asbestos-containing filters. 

Operational characteristics of the required filtration equipment, like other liquid-solid separation processes, should be relatively simple in operation and offer excellent reliability with full automation. This hands-off operation would reduce health and safety concerns to an absolute minimum. 

The nature and sizing of equipment depends on the economic values and proportions of the phases as well as certain physical properties that influence relative movements of liquids and particles. Pressure often is the main operating variable so its effect on physical properties should be known. Table 11.1 is a broad classification of mechanical processes of solid-liquid separation. Clarification is the removal of small contents of worthless solids from a valuable liquid. Filtration is applied to the recovery of valuable solids from slurries. Expression is the removal of relatively small contents of liquids from compressible sludges by mechanical means. 

The relative suitability of the common kinds of solid-liquid separation equipment is summarized in Table 11.3. Filtration is the most frequently used operation, but sedimentation as a method of pretreatment and centrifugation for difficulty filterable materials has many applications. Table 11.15 gives more detail about the kinds of filters appropriate to particular services. 

E. Davies, Filtration equipment for solid-liquid separation, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 43(8), 256-259 (1965). 

The type of filtration equipment you select for use depends upon which of the two components, the solid or the liquid, you are trying to isolate. In i. general ... 

In filtration processes the solids are separated from the liquid by passing (filtering) the slurry through some form of porous filter medium. Filtration is a widely used separation process in the chemical and other process industries. Many types of equipment and filter media are used, designed to meet the needs of particular applications. Descriptions of the filtration equipment used in the process industries and their fields of application can be found in various handbooks Perry et al. (1997), Dickenson... 

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