Filtration requirements

Many filtration requirements are fiilfilled by spunbonded stmctures and a growing but technically complex market has developed since the 1970s... 

These efficiencies assume proper, leak-free installation. Filters are often improperly installed and sometimes missing. Reliance on filtration requires a quality-assurance program to ensure that filters are in place and functioning. 

Alternative 3 consists of preliminary treatment followed by filtration and activated carbon adsorption (Figure 8.5). The preliminary treatment step and filtration requirements and costs would be the same as specified for Alternative 2 (air stripping). 

Liquid product is fed to the BFS machine from a holding tank or vessel. The pathway is sterilized in place prior to receiving product, and product is sterilized by means of in-line sterilizing-grade filters. There is usually more than one stage of sterile filtration required on the product pathway. 

When 25.00 mL of unknown were passed through a Jones reductor, molybdate ion (Mo02 ) was converted into Mo3+. The filtrate required 16.43 mL of 0.010 33 M KMn04 to reach the purple end point. 

MnO Fast At higher residual ozone cone., reduction and filtration required... 

Membrane reactors - no mass transfer limitations - pyrogen-free products - scale-up simple - pre-filtration required - no polymeric products possible - no product precipitation possible... 

Filtration requirements (e.g. filter surface area) also are quite low. 

Table 3.15 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction techniques used in the analysis of semivolatile organic analytes in solid samples. They are compared on the basis of matrix effect, equipment cost, solvent use, extraction time, sample size, automation/unattended operation, selectivity, sample throughput, applicability, filtration requirement, and the need for evaporation/concentration. The examples that follow show the differences among these techniques in real-world applications. 

Filtration requires a medium to screen out solids—diatomaceous earth, cellulose pads, or cellulose asbestos pads—and a support structure, the filter, to hold the media. After fermentation, wines usually require a short period of natural settling before they are clear enough to be filtered. Diatomaceous earth is the filtration medium most often used after fermentation because its porosity allows filtration of wine moderately high in suspended solids without quick plugging of the filter. Pads will give a more effective, cleaner filtration but need cleaner wine going into the filter to avoid plugging. 

Caution. Waier must be rigorously excluded during all handling or transfer operations. Filtration requires sintered-... 

Diatomaceous earth filter plants have been chosen for projects with limited initial capital, and for emergency or standby capacity to service large seasonal increases in demand. Because these systems are most suitable for applications where influent is low in turbidity and bacterial counts, water supplies presently receiving just chlorination may consider using diatomaceous earth to meet the filtration requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTR) (2). 

The manufacturer of filter aids produces filter aid grades in a wide range of particle sizes to meet practically any industrial filtration requirement. The relative flow rates of these grades are determined by a standard filtration test and are shown in Fig. 4. Typical properties of some commercial filter aids are shown in Tables 1-3. Filter Cel, the finest grade, shown in Fig. 4, giving the highest clarity and lowest flow rate, is a natural diatomite, which has been selectively quarried, dried, milled, and air-classified. To make coarser, faster flow rate filter aids, Filter-Cel is calcined and air-classified. These straight... 

Table 12 shows the typical LRV values obtained using a polymeric and ceramic microfilter. Sterile filtration requires 100% bacteria retention by the membrane, whereas in many industrial bacteria removal applications the presence of a small quantity of bacteria in the filtrate may be acceptable. For example, drinking water obtained by microfiltration may contain nominal counts of bacteria in the filtrate which is then treated with a disinfectant such as chlorine or ozone. The use of ceramic filters may allow the user to combine the sterile filtration with steam sterilization in a single operation. This process can be repeated many times without changing filters due to their long service life (5 years or longer). 

Advantages Fast and multiple extractions No filtration required Fast and multiple extractions... 

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