Liquid exchangers

The liquid exchangers Amberlite LA.l and LA.2 may be used to remove acids from solution... 

Probably the chief difficulty which arises is that due to the formation of emulsions between the organic and aqueous phases. This makes separation of the phases difficult and sometimes impossible. It is clearly important to select liquid exchangers having low surface activity and to use conditions which will minimise the formation of stable emulsions [see Section 6.7, consideration (3)]. 

Turner, C., Harper, M., Solute transfer by liquid/liquid exchange without mixing in micro-contactor devices, in Ehreeld,... 

Following the departure of the bubble and the superheated layer from the area of influence, the liquid at Tsax from the main body of the fluid comes in contact with the heating surface at Tw. This bears some similarity to the vapor-liquid exchange mechanism, except for the quantity of liquid involved. 

Vapor-liquid exchange correlation Forster and Greif (1959), based on the vapor-liquid exchange mechanism, also proposed a correlation in the form of Eq. (2.78), employing the following definitions of Re, and Nu, ... 

The subcooled core bubble-layer liquid exchange and bubble condensation analysis was suggested by Tong (1975). 

In order to determine the liquid exchange mass flux at the interface due to the droplet deposition and the liquid reentrainment, Quandt (1962) measured the dye concentration in an isothermal annular flow. His steady-state model is similar to Vanderwater s as shown in Figure 5.22, except for his assumption that VId — Vh, = Vr Hence, the concentration balance of dye can be expressed as... 

Ivey, H. J., and D. J. Morris, 1962, On the Relevance of the Vapor Liquid Exchange Mechanism for Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer at Higher Pressure, Rep. AEEW-R-137, UK Atomic Energy Authority, Winfrith, England. (2)... 

These two time constants overlap assuring that film liquid exchange by capillary pumping or suction can keep pace with the pore-wall stretching and squeezing of the film during flow through several constrictions. On the other hand, based on a linear stability analysis summarized in Appendix A for a free,... 

Robins I, Shaw J, Miller B, Turner C, Harper M (1997) Solute transfer by li-quid/liquid exchange without mixing in micro-contactor devices. In Ehr-feld W (ed) Microreaction technology proceedings of the first international conference on microreaction technology. Springer, Berlin New York Heidelberg, pp 35—46... 

Another incremental process consists in the progressive flushing of a porous rock by a fluid. Solid-liquid exchange leads to chemical changes when more fluid is allowed to percolate, which is extremely efficient in producing strong elemental or isotopic fractionation. 

Convection occurs when a gas or liquid exchanges energy with an adjacent solid. Convection is the term used to describe the motion or circulation that occurs in any gas or liquid as it is heated or cooled. 

A simple calculation of the lifetime of MSA in cloud water can be made using model estimates of the free radical chemistry of cloud droplets. The OH concentration in cloud water is a complex function of both the gas and aqueous phase chemistry and the dynamics of gas/liquid exchange. A recent model (21) estimated cloudwater OH concentration as 2-6 x 10 M for droplets of 5 -30/im radius. Using the rate constant measured here (4.7 x 107 M 1 s 1), this yields a lifetime of 1.2 3.5 hours. Considering that the lifetime of a nonraining cloud is on the order of a few minutes to an hour, some fraction of the MSA present could react with OH, presumably being converted to sulfate. While such a process may lower the concentratron of MSA in the droplet, it would only have a minor effect on the cloudwater sulfate levels because of the typically low MSA non-sea-saIt sulfate ratio in the aerosol entering the cloud. 

In a liquid-liquid exchanger, the total heat transferred (Q) from the hot process fluid to the cooling water is dependent on the overall heat transfer coefficient (U), the heat transfer area (A), and the log mean temperature difference (ATm). Therefore, any of these can be manipulated to control Q. 

A thin film of a membrane-forming material is deposited on a metal wire (silver, platinum, nickel, etc.) or on carbon, the membrane being, for example, a liquid exchanger immobilized in PVC (Fig. 13.12). This electrode is thus similar to an ion-exchange selective electrode, but without solution and without internal reference. The detailed mechanism of its operation is not clear but it is certain, and logical, that the interface... 

The expression for foam viscosity Eq. (8.1 la) contains two terms x 0/y which is the elasticity component, related to the demolition of foam structure, and r, which is a dissipation term, related to the liquid flow through films and borders during the deformation process. The models of Khan and Armstrong [14] and Kraynik and Hansen [43] imply that the continuous phase is in the films, no liquid exchange occurs and the film surfaces are mobile, thus predicting a very small contribution of the viscous dissipation in the films, rj = 13[Pg.584]

For the tritiation of gases and liquids, exchange occurs efficiently however, for the labeling of crystalline solids, particle size is important.20 Studies with phenanthrene show that at room temperature a linear relationship [Eq. (14)] exists between log specific activity (A in pCi/mg) and the inverse square of r, where r (in mm) is half the average mesh diameter of the particles. 

The high-temperature processes that formed chondritic components typically involved gas-sohd or gas-liquid exchange over part of the temperature range 1,200-2,000 K. Rapid cooling... 

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