Electrochemical liquid chromatography

Berger, M., Anselmino, C., Mouret, J.F. and Cadet, J. (1990). H performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical assay for monitoring the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-adenine and its related 2 -deoxyribonucleoside. J. Liquid Chromatog. 13, 929-940. 

J.H. Pei and X.Y. Li, Xanthine and hypoxanthine sensors based on xanthine oxidase immobilized on a CuPtCl6 chemically modified electrode and liquid chromatography electrochemical detection. Anal. Chim. Acta 414, 205-213 (2000). 

Zaromb S, Alcaraz J, Lawson D, Woo CS (1993) Detection of airborne cocaine and heroin by high-throughput liquid-absorption preconcentration and liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 643 107-115... 

Sanchez-Perez, A., Delgado-Zamarreno, M.M., Bustamante-Rangel, M., and Hernandez-Men-dez, J. 2000. Automated analysis of vitamin E isomers in vegetable oils by continuous membrane extraction and liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. J. Chromatogr. A 881 229-241. 

Fig. 14.8 A thin-layer cell for use as a high pressure liquid chromatography electrochemical detector (courtesy of Bioanalytical Systems).

Typically, in gradient elution liquid chromatography, electrochemical detection has been difficult due to base-line shifts that result as a consequence of the altered mobile phase composition. However, a unique property of micelles allows for much improved compatibility of gradients (i.e. gradient in terms of micellar concentration or variation of small amount of additive such as pentanol) with electrochemical detectors. This has been demonstrated by the separation and electrochemical detection of phenols using micellar gradient LC (488). A surfactant (apparently non-micellar) gradient elution with electrochemical detection has also been successfully applied for the assay of some thyroid hormones by LC (491). 

Bogdanov, M.B., Beal, M.F., McCabe, D.R., Griffin, R.M. and Matson, W.R. A carbon column-based liquid chromatography electrochemical approach to routine 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxygua-nosine measurements in urine and other biologic matrices a one-year evaluation of methods Free Radic.Biol.Med, 27, 1999, 647-666. 

Trocewicz J, Suprynowicz Z, and Markowicz J. Determination of diprivan in urine by a supported liquid membrane technique and liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. J. Chromatogr. B. 1996 685 129-134. 

Ding, X.D. Krull, I.S. Dual electrode liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (LCEC) for platinum-derived cancer chemotherapy agents. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1983, 6, 2173-2194. 

Maskarinec MP, Manning DL, Harvey RW. 1984. Determination of munitions components in water by resin adsorption and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 302 51-63. 

Kirschbaum, J. Perlman, S. Analysis of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide combination tablet formulations by liquid chromatography. J.Pharm.Sci., 1984, 73, 686-687 Perrett, D. Rudge, S.R. Drury, P.L. Determination of captopril by an improved high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical assay. Biochem.Soc.Trans., 1984,12, 1059-1060 Toyooka, T. Imai, K. Kawahara, Y. Determination of toted captopril in dog plasma by HPLC after prelabeling with ammonium 7-fluorobenzo-2-oxa-l,3-diazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-F). J.Pharm. Biomed.Anal., 1984, 2, 473-479 [derivatization]... 

Qi, X. and R.P. Baldwin (1994). Liquid chromatography/electrochemical detection of hydroxylamines by oxidation at a cobalt phthalocyanine chemically modified electrode. Electroanalysis 6(5-6), 353-360. 

Fig. 1 One example of a sandwich type thin-layer LCEC detector with adjustable dead volume, flow pattern, and up to four channels. Source From Four channel liquid chromatography/electrochem-istry, in Curr. Sep. ...

Fig. 1 Chromatograms of a standard solution of monoamine transmitters and their metabolites at (A) a poly(para-aminobenzoic acid) modified electrode and (B) a bare glassy carbon electrode. (1) Norepinephrine, (2) epinephrine, (3) dopamine, (4) 3,4-dihydroxyphenol acetic acid, (5) serotonin, (6) 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, and (7) homovanillic acid. Source From Study on the effect of electromagnetic impulse on neurotransmitter metabolism in nerve cells by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection coupled with microdialysis, in Anal. Biochem. ...

D.W. Hoffman, R.D. Edkins and S.D. Shillcutt, Human metabolism of phenothiazines to sulfoxides determined by a new high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection method, Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988, 37, 1773-1777. 

D. Perrett, S.R. Rudge and P.L. Drury, Determination of captopril by an improved high-performance liquid-chromatography electrochemical assay, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 1984, 12, 1059-1060. 

E. Koyama, Y. Kikuchi, H. Echizen, K. Chiba and T. Ishizaki, Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection determination of imipramine, desipramine, their 2-hydroxylated metabolites, and imipramine V-oxide in human plasma and urine preliminary application to oxidation pharmacogenetics, Ther. Drug Monit., 1993, 15, 224-235. 

M.B. Barroso, R.M. Alonso and R.M. Jimenez, Simultaneous determination of torasemide and its major metabolite M5 in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2001, 39, 491 96. 

J. Ducharme, F. Varin, D.R. Bevan, F. Donati and Y. Theoret, High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection of vecuronium and its metabolites in human plasma, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 573, 79-86. 

Aminosalicylic acid in assessment of reactive oxygen species formation by in vitro Fenton and ozonation reactions and by in vivo ozone-exposure experiments in rats revealed oxidation products as follows salicylic acid, by deamination 2,3-dihydro-xybenzoic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, from radical or enzymatic hydroxylation 5-amino-2 - hydroxy-N,W-bis(3 - carboxy- 4- hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-benzoquinonediimine, a condensation product of oxidised 5-aminosalicylic acid and 5-amino-2,3,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzoic acid, attributed to hydroxyl radical attack without deamination, identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography electrochemical detector system analysis and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of trimethyl silyl derivatives (Kumarathasan et al. 2001). 

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