Liquid chromatography basic concepts

Donato, R, Cacciola, R, Tranchida, P. Q., Dugo, P., and MondeUo, L. 2012. Mass spectrometric detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography Basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 

Donato P, Cacciola F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Mass Spectrometry Detection in Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. Mass Spectrom Rev 2012 31 523—59. 

We must start with fluid behavior to understand the basic concepts of unified chromatography. We must forget most of what we know from common experience about liquid and gas behavior since this experience is tied with ambient conditions. Instead, we must embrace the new possibilities afforded by temperatures and pressures that are different from ambient. This new view requires phase diagrams (17, 18). 

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. By A. Benninghoven, F. G. Ruenauer, and H.W.Werner Analytical Applications of Lasers. Edited by Edward H. Piepmeier Applied Geochemical Analysis. By C. O. Ingamells and F. F. Pitard Detectors for Liquid Chromatography. Edited by Edward S.Yeung Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy Part 1 Methodology, Instrumentation, and Performance Part II Applications and Fundamentals. Edited by J. M. Boumans... 

Basic Concepts of High-performance Liquid Chromatography... 

The basic concepts of the instrumentation for liquid chromatography are described here, with the mechanism of their operation and their influence on the separation of analytes. 

Like dissolves like is the basic concept for the selection of solvents in the eluent for liquid chromatography. Controlling the solubility of analytes is the key to success. If the selected solvent or mixture of solvents does not interfere with detection, it is a good eluent. The selection of a suitable solvent for low-wavelength absorption detection and post-column derivatization detection is important to obtain highly sensitive detection. The selection of a volatile solvent is the key for preparative-scale liquid chromatography and for mass spectro-metric detection. 

A third area of development in carbohydrate l.c. analyses is in the combined techniques (see Section IV,3) and other methods that provide qualitative, as well as quantitative, information about sample constituents, such as high-performance liquid affinity chromatography. The use of specific lectin- and monoclonal antibody-based, stationary phases for analytical and preparative applications is now being considered. The basic concepts of these techniques have been reviewed - and their applications to carbohydrates have been discussed. 

Another recent development is the advent of pulse amperometry in which the potential is repeatedly pulsed between two (or more) values. The current at each potential or the difference between these two currents ( differential pulse amperometry ) can be used to advantage for a number of applications. Similar advantages can result from the simultaneous monitoring of two (or more) electrodes poised at different potentials. In the remainder of this chapter it will be shown how the basic concepts of amperometry can be applied to various liquid chromatography detectors. There is not one universal electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography, but, rather, a family of different devices that have advantages for particular applications. Electrochemical detection has also been employed with flow injection analysis (where there is no chromatographic separation), in capillary electrophoresis, and in continuous-flow sensors. 

The concept of derivatization in liquid chromatography is relatively new. The introductory chapter is therefore intended to familiarize the novice in this field with the basic technique of using chemical reactions and labeling procedures to enhance the sensitivity, specificity and separation properties of liquid chromatography. 

The book provides systematic and detailed descriptions of the numerous approaches to chiral resolution. The first chapter is an introduction to basic concepts of molecular chirality and liquid chromatography. Chapters 2 through 9 discuss the chiral resolution of various classes of chiral stationary phases. Chapter 10 deals with chiral resolution using chiral mobile phase additives. These discussions elaborate the types, structures, and properties of the chiral phases,... 

This chapter introduces some of the basic concepts and principles of liquid chromatography, providing background on the development of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and briefly describing the basic system components. 

The most widely used technique for the estimation of amino acid isomers is gas-liquid chromatography. Two basic strategies have been used to separate isomers by this technique. Both approaches appeared in the mid-1960 s, and both involve derivatiza-tion of the amino acids to suitably volatile acyl-esters (46,47). One method is similar in concept to the separation of disastereo-mers by ion exchange chromatography discussed above. In one step of the two step derivatization, the amino acids are esterified with an optically active agent. This procedure creates molecules with two centers of asymmetry which can be separated on a non-optically active liquid (stationary) phase (46). This method allows any laboratory equipped with a gas chromatograph to perform Isomer analyses. 

T. Hanai, Chromatography in silico, basic concept in reversed-phase liquid chromatography, AnaZ. Bioanal. Chem., 2005, 382, 708-717. 

Ma S, Chowdhury S. Application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for metabolite identification. In Drug Metabolism in Drug Design and Development Basic Concepts and Practice, Zhang D, Zhu M, Humphreys WG, Eds. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2007 pp.319-367. 

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