Basic Chromatography Concepts

Donato, R, Cacciola, R, Tranchida, P. Q., Dugo, P., and MondeUo, L. 2012. Mass spectrometric detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography Basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 

Donato P, Cacciola F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Mass Spectrometry Detection in Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. Mass Spectrom Rev 2012 31 523—59. 

We must start with fluid behavior to understand the basic concepts of unified chromatography. We must forget most of what we know from common experience about liquid and gas behavior since this experience is tied with ambient conditions. Instead, we must embrace the new possibilities afforded by temperatures and pressures that are different from ambient. This new view requires phase diagrams (17, 18). 

The concept of using continuous chromatography for the separation of stereoisomers or optical isomers is very old and was probably proposed for the first time by Martin and Kuhn in 1941 [28]. The suggested implementation was different from today s SMB technology, though the basic concept is the same. The chromatographic media is moved continuously in a conveyor belt, the feed is injected continuously at a fixed point, and the pure enantiomers are recovered at fixed points. In the idea of Martin and Kuhn, benefits were taken from the possibility of modulating the adsorption of the products at different temperatures. 

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. By A. Benninghoven, F. G. Ruenauer, and H.W.Werner Analytical Applications of Lasers. Edited by Edward H. Piepmeier Applied Geochemical Analysis. By C. O. Ingamells and F. F. Pitard Detectors for Liquid Chromatography. Edited by Edward S.Yeung Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy Part 1 Methodology, Instrumentation, and Performance Part II Applications and Fundamentals. Edited by J. M. Boumans... 

Basic Concepts of High-performance Liquid Chromatography... 

The basic concepts of the instrumentation for liquid chromatography are described here, with the mechanism of their operation and their influence on the separation of analytes. 

Like dissolves like is the basic concept for the selection of solvents in the eluent for liquid chromatography. Controlling the solubility of analytes is the key to success. If the selected solvent or mixture of solvents does not interfere with detection, it is a good eluent. The selection of a suitable solvent for low-wavelength absorption detection and post-column derivatization detection is important to obtain highly sensitive detection. The selection of a volatile solvent is the key for preparative-scale liquid chromatography and for mass spectro-metric detection. 

A third area of development in carbohydrate l.c. analyses is in the combined techniques (see Section IV,3) and other methods that provide qualitative, as well as quantitative, information about sample constituents, such as high-performance liquid affinity chromatography. The use of specific lectin- and monoclonal antibody-based, stationary phases for analytical and preparative applications is now being considered. The basic concepts of these techniques have been reviewed - and their applications to carbohydrates have been discussed. 

FIG. 1.23 Plot of log M and detector output versus retention volume for size-exclusion chromatography. Also shown is the relation among VR, Vv, VP, and K, Vp as discussed in the text. (Redrawn with permission of P. C. Hiemenz, Polymer Chemistry The Basic Concepts, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 1984.)... 

The usefulness of an analytical technique is directly related to an understanding of its theory. This part of the book will explain the basic concepts of gas chromatography (GC), the purpose and selection of columns, and the interpretation of the chromatographic record, that is, the chromatogram. The information in this part will give the reader sufficient information to understand what GC is, how the separation occurs, and how to relate data to sample composition. 

Another recent development is the advent of pulse amperometry in which the potential is repeatedly pulsed between two (or more) values. The current at each potential or the difference between these two currents ( differential pulse amperometry ) can be used to advantage for a number of applications. Similar advantages can result from the simultaneous monitoring of two (or more) electrodes poised at different potentials. In the remainder of this chapter it will be shown how the basic concepts of amperometry can be applied to various liquid chromatography detectors. There is not one universal electrochemical detector for liquid chromatography, but, rather, a family of different devices that have advantages for particular applications. Electrochemical detection has also been employed with flow injection analysis (where there is no chromatographic separation), in capillary electrophoresis, and in continuous-flow sensors. 

The book provides systematic and detailed descriptions of the numerous approaches to chiral resolution. The first chapter is an introduction to basic concepts of molecular chirality and liquid chromatography. Chapters 2 through 9 discuss the chiral resolution of various classes of chiral stationary phases. Chapter 10 deals with chiral resolution using chiral mobile phase additives. These discussions elaborate the types, structures, and properties of the chiral phases,... 

This chapter introduces some of the basic concepts and principles of liquid chromatography, providing background on the development of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and briefly describing the basic system components. 

Infrared (IR) spectrometers, particularly Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instruments have also been used as detectors in gas chromatography [90] offering the capability of compound quantitation and identification similarly to MS instruments, although with lower sensitivity. When a pyrolyser is used at the front end of the chromatograph, it usually acts just as a convenient way of sample transformation/injection into the GC/FTIR. A few basic concepts related to IR instrumentation are given below. 

This chapter contains general discussions on basic concepts, separation mechanisms, resolution, specific types of chromatography, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. 

The state of equilibrium in ion exchange chromatography is currently described by stoichiometric models where the solute, for example a protein, displaces a stoichiometric number of salt ions bound on the ion exchanger. A basic concept is the stoichiometric displacement model developed by Kopaciewicz et al. (1983). For monovalent counterions the reaction is described as follows ... 

Zhou, J.X. and Tressel, T. (2006) Basic concepts in Q membrane chromatography for large-scale antibody production. Biotechnol. Prog., 22, 341— 349. 

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