Lipopolysaccharides core region

O. Holst and H. Brade, in D. C. Morrison and J. L. Ryan (Eds.), Bacterial Endotoxic Lipopolysaccharides Chemical Structure of the Core Region of Lipopolysaccharides, p. 135. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 

In the polymers of groups (1) and (2), polysaccharide chains composed of oligosaccharide repeating-units (sometimes, partially modified) are usually linked to a unique oligosaccharide unit present near the point of attachment of the chain to another polymeric chain, or to a lipid anchor. This unit is called the linkage region in the polymers of bacterial cell-wall, and the core region in lipopolysaccharides. 

Two of the most frequent monosaccharide components of bacterial polymers belonging to this group have been the subjects of articles in this Series. They are 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid,247 a normal constituent of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides that is also present in some other polymers, and N-acetylneuraminic acid,248 found in several capsular polysaccharides. Enolpyruvate phosphate serves as the precursor of the C-l-C-3 fragment of the monosaccharides, with D-arabinose 5-phosphate or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose 6-phosphate being an acceptor for transfer of the three-carbon unit. Characteristic, activated forms of these monosaccharides are the CMP derivatives. 

In bacterial lipopolysaccharides, O-specific chains composed of repeating, or modified repeating, units are linked to a unique oligosaccharide sequence of the core region which is connected to a lipid A fragment serving as a hydrophobic anchor embedded in the bacterial outer-membrane. Biosynthesis of O-specific chains was found to occur independently on formation of other structural fragments of the lipopolysaccharide molecule. Both block and monomeric mechanisms were demonstrated for the biosynthesis of these polymers. 

The conformation of the core region of the lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter 036 was calculated using the MM2 program and the results compared to NOE data [208]. Qualitatively, NOE data agreed with the calculated conformation. However,... 

Y. A. Knirel and N. K. Kochetkov, The structure of the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. II. The structure of the core region, Biochemistry (Moscow), 58 (1993) 84-99. 

Lukasiewicz, J., Niedziela, T., Jachymek, W., Kenne, L., Lugowski, C. Structure of the lipid A-inner core region and biological activity of Plesiomonas shigelloides 054 (strain CNCTC 113/92) lipopolysaccharide. Glycobiology 16 (2006) 538-550. 

De Castro, C., Molinaro, A., Nunziata, R., Lanzetta, R., Parrilli, M., Holst, O. A novel core region, lacking heptose and phosphate, of the lipopolysaccharide from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas cichorii (Pseudomonadaceae RNA group I). Eur 1 Org Chem 11 (2004) 2427-2435. 

Heinrichs, D.E., Yethon, J.A., Whitfield, C. Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol 30(2) (1998) 221-232. 

Holst, O. Chemical structure of the core region of lipopolysaccharides. an update. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol 14 (2002) 87-103. 

Holst, O., The structures of core regions from enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides - an update. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271 (2007) 3-11. 

Olsthoom, M.M., Petersen, B.O., Duus, J., Haverkamp, J., Thomas-Oates, J.E., Bock, K., Holst, O. The structure of the linkage between the O-specific polysaccharide and the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium revisited. Eur J Biochem 267 (2000) 2014-2027. 

Pieretti, G., Corsaro, M.M., Lanzetta, R., Parrilli, M., Vilches, S., Merino, S., Tomas, J.M. Stmctural characterization of the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from the haloalkaliphilic Halomonas pantelleriensis identification of the biological O-antigen repeating. Unit Eur J Org Chem (2009) 1365-1371. 

Vinogradov, E., Korenevsky, A., Beveridge, TJ. The structure of the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from Shewanella algae BrY, containing 8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid. Carbohydr Res 339 (2004) 737-740. 

Vinogradov, E.V., Lindner, B., Seltmann, G., Radziejewska-Lebrecht, J., Holst, O. Lipopolysaccharides from Serratia marcescens possess one or two 4-amino-4-deoxy-L- ara-binopyranose 1-phosphate residues in the lipid A and D-glycero-D-talo-Oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid in the inner core region. Chem Eur J 12 (2006) 6692-6700. 

Osborn, M.J. Biosynthesis and structure of the core region of lipopolysaccharide in Salmonella typhimurium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 133 (1966) 375-383. 

Carlson, R.W., Krishnaiah, B.S. Structures of the oligosaccharides obtained from the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A101c and its symbiotically defective lipopolysaccharide mutant, JS314. Carbohydr Res 231 (1992) 205-219. 

Forsberg, L.S., Carlson, R.W. The structures of the lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobium etli strains CE358 and CE359 - The complete structure of the core region of R. etli lipopolysaccharides. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 2747-2757. 

Holst, H., Molinaro, A. Core region and lipid A components of lipopolysaccharides. In Moran, A., Brennan, P., Holst, O., von Itszstein, M. (eds), Microbial Glycobiology Structures, Relevance and Applications. Oxford, Elsevier (2009), pp. 803-820. 

Glycero-u-manno-heplose is a monosaccharide residue found in bacterial polysaccharides, predominantly in the inner core region of lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. The h-glycero form is the most abundant, but the D-glycero isomer has also been found [1,2]. 

Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Raju TS, Pang H, Moran AP (1993) Chemical structures of the core regions of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes 0 1, 0 4, 0 23, and 0 36 lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Biochem 213 1017-1027. 

Heptoses are typical constituents of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), in most cases occurring in the core region in the L-gtycero-D-manno or n-glycero-n-manno configuration.239 However, a few other heptoses have been identified in the O-antigen polysaccharide of LPS, and these examples are discussed next. 

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