Lipmann

Coenzyme A was isolated and identified by Fritz Lipmann an American bio chemist Lipmann shared the 1953 Nobel Prize in physiol ogy or medicine for this work... 

Pantothenic acid is found in extracts from nearly all plants, bacteria, and animals, and the name derives from the Greek pantos, meaning everywhere. It is required in the diet of all vertebrates, but some microorganisms produce it in the rumens of animals such as cattle and sheep. This vitamin is widely distributed in foods common to the human diet, and deficiencies are only observed in cases of severe malnutrition. The eminent German-born biochemist Fritz Lipmann was the first to show that a coenzyme was required to facilitate biological acetylation reactions. (The A in... 

Jan Tuckermann, Peter Herrlich Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany... 

Soda (composed of sodium carbonate) was acquired in antiquity either in the form of natron, or, when prepared, as soda ash. Natron is a natural mixture of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lesser amounts of common salt, and sodium sulfate, and some organic matter. It occurs in a few places in the world, such as in dry lakebeds in desert regions, in Egypt and Siberia, for example. From these few sources, natron was traded and transported to many others in the ancient world, where it was used (von Lipmann 1937 Lucas 1932). 

The oxidative pathway for the metabolism of D-glucose 6-phosphate (XLV), distinctive from the glycolytic, Embden-Meyerhof route (see p. 200) and known as the hexose monophosphate shunt, was suggested by certain experiments of Warburg,200 Gerischer,207 Lipmann,208 and Dickens209... 

Lipmann, F. Biosynthetic Mechanisms. Harvey Lect., Ser. XLIV 1949, 99. 

Akers, Lee and Lipmann have isolated two enzymes from Bacillus brevis that are responsible for the synthesis of the initial portion of the gramicidins223. 

C8. Cori, O., and Lipmann, F., The primary oxidation product of enzymatic glucose-6-phosphate oxidation. ]. Biol. Chem. 194, 417-425 (1952). 

Campbell, P.N., Smith, A.D. and Peters, TJ. (2005) Biochemistry Illustrated Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the Post-Genomic Era, 5th edition, Elsevier, London and Oxford, 242 pp. Chapeville, F., Lipmann, F., von Ehrenstein, G., Weisblum, B., Ray, WJ. Jr. and Benzer, S. (1962) On the role of soluble ribonucleic acid in coding for amino acids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 48, 1086-1092. 

Hans Krebs proposed the cycle in 1937 on the basis of experiments on minced pigeon muscle. He received the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology (jointly with Fritz Lipmann) in 1952. 

Two of these systems were studied as models—the acetylation of choline in brain to give acetyl choline (Hebb, Nachmansohn), and of sulfanilamide (the active component in prontosil, Chapter 3) in liver (Lipmann). Sulfanilamide is rapidly inactivated by acetylation on the p-amino group and then excreted. Sulfanilamide is easily diazotized the diazonium salt formed can be coupled with N-( 1 -naphthyl)ethylenedi-amine dihydrochloride to give a pink derivative (Bratton and Marshall, 1939). This formed the basis for an elegant colorimetric assay. Only the free p-amino group reacts, so that as acetylation proceeded color formation diminished. 

ATP and magnesium were required for the activation of acetate. Acetylations were inhibited by mercuric chloride suggesting an SH group was involved in the reaction either on the enzyme or, like lipoic acid, as a cofactor. Experiments from Lipmann s laboratory then demonstrated that a relatively heat-stable coenzyme was needed—a coenzyme for acetylation—coenzyme A (1945). The thiol-dependence appeared to be associated with the coenzyme. There was also a strong correlation between active coenzyme preparations and the presence in them of pantothenic acid—a widely distributed molecule which was a growth factor for some microorganisms and which, by 1942-1943, had been shown to be required for the oxidation of pyruvate. 

Sophisticated isotope experiments were also performed using H2180 (Mildred Cohn) and 32P, and various exchange reactions identified between ATP, ADP, and Pr Analysis of the mode of action of two inhibitors was also relevant. Dinitrophenol (DNP) uncoupled the association between oxidation and ATP generation (Lardy and Elvejhem, 1945 Loomis and Lipmann, 1948). Oligomycin inhibited reaction (ii) above, blocking the terminal phosphorylation to give ATP, but not apparently the formation of A C. 

Lipmann, F.(1941). The metabolism, generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy. Adv. Enzymol. 1,99-162. 

Lipmann, E (1953). Development of the acetylation problem a personal account. In Nobel Lectures. Physiology or Medicine, 1942-1962, pp. 413-438. Elsevier (1964), Amsterdam. 

It presently became clear that ammonia, carbon dioxide, and ATP were forming an active intermediate which condensed with ornithine to give citrulline. The clue to its identification came from Lipmann s laboratory in 1955 (Jones, Spector, and Lipmann). Lipmann had been... 

Jones, M.E., Spector, L., Lipmann, F. (1955). Carbamoyl Phosphate. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Biochemistry. (1956) (Liebecq, C., Ed.) Vaillant-Carmanne, Liege. 

The mechanism of the initial, cytoplasmic, activation of the fatty acids was established in Lipmann s laboratory ... 

Green, D.E. Gibson, D.M. (1960). Fatty acid oxidation and synthesis. In Metabolic Pathways (Greenberg, D.M. Ed.) Vol. I, pp. 301-340. Academic Press, New York. Lipmann, F. (1948-1949). Biosynthetic Mechanisms. Harvey Lectures XLIV, 99-123. Vagelos, P.R. (1964). Lipid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 33, 139-172. 

Lipmann. The High Energy Phosphate concept. Banga and Szent-Gyorgi. Actomyosin threads contracted in the presence of ATP. 

S> Lipmann, F. The relation between the direction and mechanism of polymeriza-tion(ed.P.N.Campbell andG.D.Greville), Vol. IV. Essays Biochem. 1968,1—23. 

Peck then became interested in sulfate-reducing bacteria, which he had got to know in Gest s laboratory. To study the reduction of sulfate. Peck worked in Fritz Lipmann s laboratory in Massachussetts General Hospital (1956) and with Lipmann at Rockefeller University (1957). Lipmann started work on active sulfate in 1954 with Helmut Hilz as a postdoctoral fellow and studied the activation of sulfate to APS and PAPS. Lipmann had left the active sulfate projects by 1957 and started, at Rockefeller University, the studies on protein synthesis. Peck published one paper on the reduction of sulfate with hydrogen in extracts of Desulfovibrio desul-furicans (1959) and one on APS as an intermediate on the oxidation of thiosulfate by Thiobacillus thioparus (1960). 

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