Lipids from algae

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lipids from Algae... 

We studied the extraction of lipids from algae (Isochrysis galbana Parke) to verify the possibility to enrich EPA, DHA or other omega-3 fatty acids for healthy products or pharmaceutical application (35). We found that the SFs allow the extraction of lipids from microalgae with interesting fatty acid composition and good extraction yield in comparison with traditional solvents. 

Rochfort, S. J., Watson, R., and Capon, R. J., Dictyosphaerin a novel bicyclic lipid from a southern Australian marine green alga, Dictyosphaeria seriacea, J. Nat. Prod., 59, 1154, 1996. 

Morita, M., Shibata, Y. Isolation and Identification of an arseno-lipid from a brown alga Undaria pinnatifida (wakaml). Chemosphere 17, 1147-1152 (1988)... 

The feeding of an EPA-free source of supplementary DHA (from algae) to human volunteers indicated a metabolic retroconversion of DHA to EPA (Conquer and Holub, 1996, 1997). Previous animal and in vitro studies in isolated rat liver cells have demonstrated that DHA can be retroconverted to EPA, and that this retroconversion is a peroxisomal function (Schlenk et al., 1969 Gronn et al., 1991). Studies in isolated rat liver cells by Schlenk et al., 1969 have also indicated that the resultant EPA can be chain-elongated to DPA (22 5n-3) for subsequent esterification into cellular lipids. An acyl-CoA oxidase has been identified as the enzyme responsible for the chain shortening of DHA in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of PUFA in human fibroblasts (Christensen et al., 1993). The aforementioned in vivo human studies have estimated the extent of retroconversion of DHA to EPA to be approximately 10% (Conquer and Holub, 1996, 1997). 

The last class of lipids being considered here are the hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon markers include alkanes derived from algae or plant leaves, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) derived mainly from crude petroleum and fuel spills. PAH can also be found in combustion products of fuels such as heating oil, gasoline and wood. Coastal sediments act as the ultimate reservoirs for these compounds when they are transported unaltered through the water column. 

The antioxidant behavior of astaxanthin has been demonstrated in vivo as well. In Haematococcus algae, astaxanthin is accumulated as part of a stress response, and it is believed to protect cellular DNA from photodynamic damage. This carotenoid also protects lipids from peroxidation in trout and salmon. In chicks, astaxanthin supplementation suppressed the formation of lipid peroxides in the plasma. Significant biological antioxidant effects have been observed in vitamin E-deficient rats fed an astaxanthin-rich diet these include protection of mitochondrial function and inhibition of peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes. In two independent studies, lipid peroxidation in the seram and liver of astaxanthin-fed rats treated with carbon tetrachloride was... 

Khotimchenko, S. V. (2005). Lipids from the marine alga GracUaria verrucosa. Chem. Nat. Comp. 41, 285-288. 

The ASP s primary focus was the production of biodiesel from high lipid content algae grown in open ponds utilizing waste CO2 from coal-fired power plants. With this in mind, the ASP systematically outlined the research into the following three main... 

CAN LIPIDS FROM THE FRESHWATER ALGA SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM (CCAP 278/4) SERVE AS AN INDICATOR OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS ... 

There are two patents describing production of lipids. The patent of Fukuda (1986) referred to a method of isolation of lipids from lipid-producing algae and fungi, including Claviceps. In the patent of Sarkisova et al. (1987) the strain C. purpurea 312A produced lipids with composition similar to that of... 

Kritchevsky etal (1999) studied the effects of 4-methyl sterols from algae and of sitosterol on cholesterol metabolism in rats. He found that 4-methyl sterols (in an algal sterol blend containing 50% 4-methyl sterols and 40% desmethyl sterols) did not lower semm or liver lipid levels and confirmed the hypolipidemic properties of sitosterol. 

The botryals, a family of even carbon numbered C 2 6a branched, a-unsaturated aldehydes (56) have been detected in all the strains of the A race so far investigated, but their abundance shows marked variations with strain origin. Thus the botryals are the most important compound class (ca 45%) in the external lipids of algae originating from Lake Titicaca, while they are minor products (2.6% of external lipids) in a French strain isolated from Lake Coat ar Herno 14). 

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