Alkanes derivatives

Of the halogen nitro alkane compound, bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-l,3-diol, 1), proved to be also in agricultural use an active substance with good specific bacterostatic action. Bronopol is a compound with wide antimicrobial action, of low toxicity to mammals (Croshaw et al.. 1964). This compound was originally used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Its acute oral lDjq is 180-400 mg/kg for rats. Bronopol is rapidly excreted in the urine (Naito et al., 1974). 

In the investigation of the biological activity of n-alkylamines and their salts several compounds with fungitoxic properties have been found, but of these only s-butylamine (2) and its salts are actually used in agriculture (Eckert and Kolbezen, 

The active substance is not phytotoxic, even at ten times the usual dose, and is moderately toxic to mammals. The acute oral lOj for rats is 380 mg/kg. It is a strong irritant to skin. 

A few fungicides have also been developed in the group of quaternary ammonium compounds. Deciquam (3), didecyl-dimethyl ammonium bromide, has a protective and curative effect against apple scab, while allyl-didecyl-methyl ammonium bromide (4) is a fungicide with a wide range of action on several cereals, and is also used in the field of hygiene. 

Several quaternary ammonium compounds are used in organic chemistry as phase-transfer catalysts. The mechanism of the catalytic process can be represented by a combination of phase-transfer and ion-exchange equilibria. In the case of substitution reactions in two-phase systems, the negatively charged nucleophile is extracted by the positive ammonium ion from the aqueous phase into the organic phase where substitution takes place (Makosza and rafin, 1965, Makosza, 1969, Dockx, 1973). 

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Note that, by using alkane derivatives such as alkyichloride, corresponding derivatives of the ... 

Cyclic alkane derivatives, alkyl halide reduction, 29-31... 

TABLE 9.18 Some Difunctionally Substituted Alkane Derivatives Found in Submicron Ambient Particles in Urban Air ... 

The rearrangement of radical cations often leads to products not formed from the parent neutral compounds, and this fact is increasingly exploited in reactions initiated by single electron transfer. 1,8-Naphthoquinodimethane and its alkane-derivatives have been characterized spectroscopically as persistent species in... 

Nishino, N., and M. Nakamura, Minima in the Solubilities of Normal Alkane Derivatives with a Polar Group in Water. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1978 51, 1617-1620. 

The physical properties of sulfonic acids vary greatly depending on the nature of the R-group. Sulfonic acids can be described as having similar acidity characteristics to sulfuric acid. Sulfonic acids are prone to thermal decomposition, i.e., desulfbnation, at elevated temperatures. However, several of the alkane-derived sulfonic acids show excellent thermal stability, as shown in Table 1. Arene-based sulfonic acids are thermally unstable. 

Oil sand asphaltenes pyrolysis oil also contain n-alkane-derived cyclic sulfides along with /z-alkane-derived thiophenes, benzo- and dibenzothiophenes, showing that the precursor oil was of n-alkanoic origin. Approximately 25% of the sulfur in these asphaltenes is in the form of sulfides. 

Alkane-derived radicals can also be trapped by neutral molecules, for example CO, S02, or 02. From CO, we find that R2CO is the major product formed. From... 

The other way to prepare cyclopropanes is based on the spin-center-shift. Thus, aryl-alkyl ketones, 26, bearing a leaving group X adjacent to the excited carbonyl group undergo a smooth cyclization to benzoylcyclopropanes 27 in moderate to good yields (Scheme 6b) [4a, b]. The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups, often proceeds stereoselectively, and can be extended to the preparation of bicyclo[n.l.O]alkane derivatives. 

The occurrence of hydrocarbons (usually mono- and di-alkenes) with an epoxide function group have been reported usually as sex attractants. The sex attractant of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, was identified as the C18 2-methyl alkane derivative cis-7,S-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (Bierl et al 1972). For the housefly, M. domestica, a major sex pheromone component is the C23 -alkane epoxide d.v-9,1O-cpoxytricosane (Uebel et al 1978) with a lesser quantity of 9,10-epoxyheptacosane (Mpuru et al., 2001). 

Other 2-substituted furan derivatives, including 2-furfurylamine and 2-meth-ylfuroate, have been condensed with aldehydes or ketones to form difunctional difuryl alkane derivatives (61). Previously, the condensation of 2-methylfuran with aldehydes and ketones, including formaldehyde, furfural, acetone, and the... 

Mechanism The reaction involves converting a ketone to the corresponding hydrazone A, which undergoes a base-catalyzed double bond migration (tautomerization) of the initially formed hydrazone to an azo-isomer B, and the loss of N2 then follows to give carbanion C. Finally, an alkane derivative is formed by protonation of carbanion C (Scheme 6.30). 

In contrast to the carboxylic acid derivatives, nitriles are named as alkane derivatives. To name a nitrile using lUPAC rules ... 

The synthesis of aminobicyclo[n.l.O]alkane derivatives by nucleophilic substitution... 

GAl is an extension to molecules containing heteroatoms and/or multiple bonds of the fiN-index, previously defined only for alkane derivatives. The tiN-index was calculated as the absolute value of the constant term of the characteristic polynomial of OIMLA where diagonal entries are zero and off-diagonal entries are calculated in a similar way to for GAl [Yang and Kiang, 1983]. 

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