Lipase industrial application

Lipases can catalyze hydrolysis of esters, synthesis of esters, trans-esterification, and synthesis of some polymers. They have been applied in many fields including the food industry, fine chemistry, and the pharmaceutical industry. The low stability of native lipases makes them unsuitable for industrial applications. In order to use them more economically and efficiently, their operational stability can be improved by immobilization. Numerous efforts have been focused on the preparation of lipases in immobilized forms involving a variety of both support materials and immobilization methods [278],... 

Schmid, R.D. and Verger, R., Lipases interfacial enzymes with attractive applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1998, 37, 1608-1633 Hasan, F., Shah, A.A. and Hameed, A., Industrial applications of microbial lipases. Enzyme. Microb. TechnoL, 2006, 39, 235-251. 

On the basis of the lipases numerous applications, also on an industrial scale, have been shown using an enzyme from this family. Table 3 summarises some applications of a popular lipase, often used in reverse micellar media, the Candida rugosa lipase. 

Two other immobilized enzymes have reached large scale industrial application penicillin amidase and lipase. 

The resolution of chiral alcohols through lipase-mediated enantioselective acylation (transesterification) is one of the major industrial applications of lipases [50]. Hence, the effects of ionic liquid reaction media on the resolution of various... 

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may have a role in improving the nutritional and health properties of milk fat (Wahle et al., 2004 see Chapter 3). A range of lipases was compared for their efficacy of catalysing the incorporation of CLA into milk fat in solvent-free systems (Garcia et al., 2000). It was concluded that it was technically feasible to incorporate CLA into milk fat with the use of immobilised Candida antarctica lipase. However, the nutritional benefits and physical properties of the CLA-enriched milk fat need to be investigated prior to consideration of this technology for industrial application. 

A new industrial application for lipases has been developed in the field of renewable energy. Lipases are used for methylation of plant oils such as rapeseed oil. The resulting methylated oils are used as a replacement or supplement for fossil fuel-derived diesel. As of today, the costs of the biocatalyst, however, prevent its commercial application and chemical processes such as saponification of fats with sodium methoxide are currently preferred. 

For industrial applications, thermostable lipases are desirable in order to work in melted fat. Thermostable, positional specific lipases are well known. One example is Mucor miehei lipase which we have developed into an immobilized commercial product (Lipozyme)... 

This chapter consequently focuses on the application of enzymes for the selective cleavage of esters, amides and nitriles [2], Out of all the reported industrial applications of enzymes these type of hydrolyses constitute more than 40% [3], Enzymatic hydrolyses are often performed because of the enantioselectivity of enzymes, and in particular of the lipases that are used for the production of enantiopure fine chemicals. 

Chemical interesterification is conveniently achieved by using alkali metal methylates as a catalyst. Microbial lipases are also used as biocatalysts in enzymatic interesteiification. In contrast to the chemical process, the enzymatic process can be more selective if an enzyme with positional specificity is used, but this reaction is usually much slower and more sensitive to reaction conditions. Recent developments in lipase-catalyzed interesterification have resulted in new industrial applications of this process (255). Nevertheless, the high costs of enzymes and process equipment may limit widespread adoption of this process. 

There are several bulk industrial enzymes that are applied on a large scale, as outlined by Ward. Carbo-hydrases are used to process starches. Cellulase can convert cellulose, the largest component of biomass, into sugars that can be further converted into fuel ethanol via fermentation. Proteases have several industrial applications, particularly in the food processing industry. Lipases and lactases are used in several food processing applications as well. 

In addition to hydrolyzing carboxylic ester bonds, lipases can catalyze a variety of esterification reactions in non-aqueous media. Industrial applications of lipases have focused on their enantioselectivity, regioselectively and substrate... 

Houde A, Kademi A, and Leblanc D. Lipases and their Industrial Applications. 

The types of enzymes used by organic chemists vary widely and include such well-known biocataiysts as lipases, esterases, oxidoreductases, oxinitrilases, transferases and aldolases [4]. An example which illustrates the industrial application of a lipase concerns the kinetic resolution of a chiral epoxy ester used as the key intermediate in the synthesis of the calcium antagonist Diltiazem, a major therapeutic in the treatment of high blood pressure [6] (Fig. 1). In developing the industrial process for the production of this drug, many different lipases were screened, but only the bacterial lipase from Serratia marescens showed both a sufficiently high activity and enantioselectivity. The intermediate is produced industrially on a scale of 50 tons/year. 

As a conclusion, examination of the present literature clearly indicates that, depending on the circumstances, any of the methods described in this review may be the best for the preparation of a given enantiopure epoxide. In particular, the recent progress achieved by using metal-catalyzed chemical processes obviously has to be taken into account. As far as biocatalytic methods are concerned, one can anticipate that, in the near future, lipases or, better, epoxide hydrolases, will prove to be the best choice, particularly as far as industrial applications are concerned. Research is ongoing in diverse laboratories to explore the scope and limitations of these very promising enzymes. 

T. Shibatani, K. Omori, H. Akatsuka, E. Kawai, H. Matsumae, Enzymatic resolution of diltiazem intermediate by Serratia marcescens lipase molecular mechanism of lipase secretion and its industrial application J. Mol. Cat. B. Enz. 2000, 10,141-149. 

Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A (2006) Industrial applications of lipases. Enzyme Microb Technol... 

Hong MC, Chang MC (1998) Purification and characterization of an alkaline lipase from a newly isolated Acinetobacter mdioresistem CMC-1. Biotechnol Lett 20 1027-1029 Hong Y, Wang TW, Hudak KA et al. (2000) An ethylene-induced cDNA encoding a lipase expressed at the onset of senescence. Plant Biol 97 8717-8722 Houde A, Kademi A, Leblanc D (2004) Lipases and their industrial applications an overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 118(1-3) 155-170... 

Schoevaait R, Wolbers MW, Golubovic M et al. (2004) Preparation, optimization and structures of cross-Unked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Biotechnol Bioeng 87 754-762 Schulz T, Plesis J, Schmid RD (2000) Stereoselectivity of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase toward secondtuy alcohols a quantitative model. Protein Sci 9 1053-1062 Secundo F, Cturea, G, Tarabiono C et al. (2006) The lid is a stmctural and functional determinant of lipase activity and selectivity. J Mol Catal B Enzym 39 166-170 Seitz EW (1974) Industrial application of microbial lipases a review. JAOCS 51(2) 12-16 Sharma R, Chisti Y, Baneijee UC (2(X)1) Production, purification, characterization and application of lipases. Botechnol Adv 19 627-662... 

Vulfson EN (1994) Industrial applications of lipases. In Woolley P, Peterson SB (eds). Lipases their structure, biochemistry and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 271-288... 

Hasan, R, Shah A. A., and Hameed A., Industrial applications of microbial lipases. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol., 39, 235, 2006. 

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