Linoleic acid and

Separation of Fatty Acids. Tall oil is a by-product of the pulp and paper manufacturiag process and contains a spectmm of fatty acids, such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, and rosia acids, such as abietic acid. The conventional refining process to recover these fatty acids iavolves iatensive distillation under vacuum. This process does not yield high purity fatty acids, and moreover, a significant degradation of fatty acids occurs because of the high process temperatures. These fatty and rosia acids can be separated usiag a UOP Sorbex process (93—99) (Tables 8 and 9). 

Refluxing linoleic acid and a primary or secondary alkyl amine with -toluenesulfonic acid in toluene for 8—18 h also yields the substituted amides (32—34). The reaction of methyl esters with primary or secondary amines to make substituted amides is catalyzed with sodium methoxide. Reactions are rapid at 30°C under anhydrous conditions (35). Acid chlorides can also be used. Ai,A/-dibutyloleamide [5831-80-17 has been prepared from oleoyl chloride and dibutyl amine (36). 

Marcuse, R. (1962). The effect of some amino acids on the oxidation of linoleic acid and its methyl ester. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, Vol. 39, No.2 (February 1962) pp. 97-103, ISSN 0003-021X. 

Garssen, G.J., Vliegenthart, J.F.G. and Boldingh, J. (1972). The origin and structures of dimeric fetty acids from the anaerobic reaction between soya-bean lipoxygenase, linoleic acid and its hydroperoxide. Biochem. J. 130, 435-442. 

Quinlan, G.J., Evans, T.W. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1994). Linoleic acid and protein thiol changes suggestive of oxidative damage in the plasma of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Free Bad. Res. Commun. 20, 299-306. 

Laurie, myristic, palmitic, and stearic fatty acids make up most of the saturated fatty acids found in fats. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid are the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids found in oils. 

The biosynthetic origin of the depolymerization-resistant core of cutin (cutan) remains to be established. The early observation that linoleic acid and linolenic acid were preferentially incorporated into the non-depolymerizable core of cutin in apple skin slices suggested that the ether-linked or C-C-linked core might arise preferentially from the czs-l,4-pentadiene system [31]. The insoluble residue, that contained the label from the incorporated polyunsaturated C18 acids, released the label upon treatment with HI, supporting the notion that some of those aliphatic chains were held together by ether bonds. More recently,... 

Xu et al. (2001) synthesized the copolymers of a dimer fatty acid (dimer of oleic and linoleic acids) and sebacic acid (P(DA-SA)) by melt polycondensation of acetylated prepolymers. Degradation and drug release kinetics showed that increasing dimer acid content decreased the release rate (Xu et al., 2001). 

Odor and color stability problems were also related to the alkyl chains used for SAI. These could be traced to the oxidation of unsaturated carbons, such as oleic acid (Ci8 fatty acid with a single double bond between carbon 9 and 10, i.e. bond position 9 counted from the carboxyl carbon), linoleic acid (Cis fatty acid with two double bonds at position 9 and 12), and linolenic acid (Cis fatty acid with three double bonds at position 9, 12, and 15). Natural coconut fatty acid contains about 6% oleic acid, about 3% linoleic acid, and less than 1% linolenic acid. Tallow fatty acid contains nearly 44% oleic and about 6% of other unsaturates [20]. Partial hydrogenation of the coconut fatty acid used in the manufacture of SCI served to eliminate linoleic and linolenic acids for improved odor stability, while not eliminating oleic acid, which is important for good lather. 

Sources of prostaglandins are the fatty acids of omega-3 and omega-6 classes. Both of these fatty acid classes are compulsory components of cell membranes however, their metaholism and action are sufficiently different. Fatty acids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are sources of prostacyclin as well as thromhoxane. The fatty acids of the omega-3 family with 20 carhon atoms or more displace the balance of prostacyclin... 

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid cannot be made in the body and are thus essential. 

Eatty acids such as oleic, capric, linoleic acids, and their monoglycerides Bile salts such as cholate, taurocholate and derivatives, UDCA, CDCA, SCG, STDHF Homovanilate... 

Scheme 7.2 Pathway for the enzymatic degradation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid via the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to Ce key aroma compounds in fruits and vegetables responsible for green notes. HPL hydroperoxide lyase, ADH alcohol dehydrogenase...

These results indicate that the Fusarium lipoxygenase differs from the soybean lipoxygenase in various respects soybean lipoxygenase is a nonheme iron-containing dioxygenase and has a molecular weight of 102,000, optimum pH of 6.5 to 7,0 and isoelectric point of pH 5.4. The soybean enzyme is not inhibited by cyanide and catalyzes the peroxidation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid at equal rates74-76,193. ... 

Multivitamin Oral Gel with Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid... 

The course of hydrocarboxylation was studied further by sequential analyses of reaction mixtures and by detailed characterization of the purified carboxy acid products. Figure 1 plots kinetic runs with linoleic acid and methyl linoleate at 120°C. Analysis by GLC shows the rapid disappearance of diene followed successively by initial conjugation of the diene system, monocarboxylation, and then dicarboxylation. Cyclic ketones and other unidentified materials (not shown) are formed in minor amounts. Conjugated dienes (mixture of cis,trans and trans,trans) peak at 1 hr and then rapidly disappear. Monocarboxy acids peak around 6-8 hrs and disappear at later stages of the reaction. At 140°C, the carboxylation follows the same course (Figure 2A). Formation of conjugated dienes reach a maximum around 0.5 hr. Monocarboxy acids peak around 1 hr, decrease, and then level at 3-4 hrs. 

Add 28 mg linoleic acid and 28 mg Tween 20 to a small volume of water ( 3 to 5 ml). Thoroughly emulsify by shaking, vortexing, or sonicating. Add 1 N KOH or 1 N NaOH drop-wise until the solution just clarifies. Adjust to pH 9.0, and bring to 10 ml with water. Divide into portions and store no more than a few weeks at -20°C under argon. 

Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Fritsche, J., Yurawecz, M.P., Eulitz, K., Ku, Y., and Rader, J.I. 2001 a. Application of standard addition to eliminate conjugated linoleic acid and other interferences in the determination of total trans fatty acids in selected food products by infrared spectroscopy.. /. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78 631-634. 

In some commercial samples of these vegetable oils, there appeared to be some isomerized linoleic acid, and additional small peaks containing these components eluted in front of the corresponding main peaks on silver ion chromatography. 

Linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid are essential fatty acids that are provided in any long-term parenteral nutrition by administering fat emulsions at least twice a week. Fatty acid deficiency is a common complication of severe end-stage liver disease. The ability of short-term intravenous lipid supplementation to reverse fatty acid deficiencies has been studied in patients with chronic liver disease and low plasma concentrations of fatty acids (914). Shortterm supplementation failed to normalize triglycerides. 

G of Linoleic Acid and 2 G of Linolenic Acid daily (Flax Seed Oil). 

Our previous GC analyses of the transmethylated phosphatides from this material, commercial soybean "lecithin," have shown 54% linoleic acid and 5% linolenic acid. The material designated soybean "lecithin" of course contains not only phosphatidylcholine, but also substantial amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phos-phatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid. Both of the latter would confer a substantial negative charge to the microdisperse particles. 

Evening primrose oil is rich in the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and its metabolite, y-linolenic acid. In the U.K., evening primrose oil preparations have received approval as medicines for the relief of atopic eczema and for the symptomatic treatment of breast pain. 

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