Lines of force

Fig. XV-12. Electrical lines of force for a charged monolayer. (From Ref. 114)...

A picture of the electrical lines of force is given in Fig. XV-12 [114] in the plane CD of the ionic groups, it will be a periodic field, whereas a little further into the solution the effect will be more that of a uniformly charged surface. The Donnan treatment is probably best justified if it is supposed that ions from solution penetrate into the region of CD itself and might in fact, lie between CD and AB. 

Fig. 22. Superconducting magnet configurations for MHD generators where the arrows represent the magnetic lines of force, (a) Solenoid (b) racetrack ...

FIO. 19-38a Lines of force surrounding abar-type magnet,... 

Any material which contains a geometrical discontinuity will experience an increase in stress in the vicinity of the discontinuity. This stress concentration effect is caused by the re-distribution of the lines of force transmission through the material when they encounter the discontinuity. Causes of stress concentration include holes, notches, keyways, comers, etc as illustrated in Fig. 2.62. 

Kraft-iehre, /. dynamics, -leitung, /. (Elec.) power circuit, -linie,/. line of force. 

Alternating-current motors are classified as induction motors or synchronous motors. Faraday found that a stationaiy wire in a magnetic field produced no current. However, when the wire continues to move across magnetic lines of force, it produces a continual current. When the motion stops, so does the current. Thus Faraday proved that electric current is only produced from relative motion between the wire and magnetic field. It is called an induced current—an electromagnetic induction effect. 

In 1831 Michael Faraday showed that an electromotive force is produced when a wire is moved through the lines of force of a magnet. If the wire is part of a complete circuit, a current flows. In the following years, several inventors made magneto-electric generators ( magnetos ) in which coils of wire were rotated close to the poles of a fixed magnet, or a... 

The design is claimed to work with different flows and pressures in pipework and ensures that not only are lines of force concentrated in the correct direction but also water flow crosses these lines at the correct angle (15 times in all), ensuring magnetic conditioning of the water is initiated. ... 

Here e is the dielectric constant of the gas, F the strength of the applied field, N the number of molecules in unit volumes, n the permanent electric moment of a molecule, and a the coefficient of induced polarization of a molecule cos 9 is the average value of cos 9 for all molecules in the gas, and cos 9 is the time-average of cos 9 for one molecule in a given state of motion, 6 being the angle between the dipole axis and the lines of force of the applied field. 

The Hamiltonian function for this dynamical problem, using polar coordinates with the polar axis in the direction of the lines of force, is... 

A microwave plasma can also be produced by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), through the proper combination of electric and magnetic fields.Cyclotron resonance is achieved when the frequency of the alternating electric field is made to match the natural frequency of the electrons orbiting the lines of force of the... 

For sets nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Table XXVII, eq. (1) appears to hold for ionization of ortho substituted benzoic acids (f =. 048 —. 058), with Kj = Pi I= 1.6 . 1. This result is reasonable for field effects transmitted only throu the molecular cavity i.e., the lines of force do not pass through appreciable solvent of high dielectric constant (the solvent is presumably excluded by the close proximity of the CO2H center and the substituent) (36). It is further of interest that eq. (1) fails for the ionization of ortho substituted benzoic acids in solvents of high OH content (sets nos. 4, 5, and 6 of Table XXVII). 

The cylindrical resonant cavity which operates in the TE0n mode is another very useful design. The Hi and Ei field lines of force for this cavity are shown in Fig. 9. One commercially available cavity of this type has a bottom which can be screwed in and out, thus changing the resonant microwave frequency over a limited range. 

Surface tension-potential difference curves for each electrolyte against mercury are plotted in the capillary electrometer, the result being shown in Fig. 16. At P there is, according to Helmholtz, no potential difference between Hg — KC1, and at R none between Hg — KI. If the effects at the interface were purely electrostatic, i.e., dependent only on the lines of force, and if the anions had no specific influence, then QS should be zero. Actually, however, it represents a potential difference of 0 2 volt. 

These usually consist of a non-magnetic casing, a rotor, and an electromagnetic pickup. The rotor is either a propeller or turbine freely suspended on ball bearings in the path of the flowing fluid with the axis of rotation in line with the flow. The rotor turns in the fluid flow stream at a rate proportional to the flow rate. As the rotor turns it cuts through the lines of force of an electric field produced by an adjacent induction coil. The electrical pulse output from the induction coil pickup is amplified and fed to readout instruments or recorders to give either total flow or flow rate [Holland and Chapman (1966)]. 

Fig. 3.6. Synchrotron radiation. A fast-moving electron is forced to spiral along the line of force of a magnetic held and emits non-thermal radiation in the direction of motion of the particle. This type of radiation is confined to a narrow cone whose axis coincides with the direction of motion.

The density (or flux) of the lines of force in a solid placed in a magnetic field (H) is termed the magnetic induction, B, and is given by the relationship. 

The tendency of the magnetic lines of force to pass through a medium relative to their tendency to pass through a vacuum is the magnetic permeability, p. This is one of the parameters that distinguishes a diamagnetic material from a paramagnetic substance. Permeability is defined as. 

Consider a small section Az of the beam. The total force horizontal must be zero. For symmetrical cross sections, such as rectangles, circular bars, and tubes, symmetry conditions require that the neutral line of force must be in the median plane, denoted as jc = 0 (see Fig. F.4). The distribution of normal strain is then... 

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