Linear viruses

Dietzschold, B., Gore, M., Marchandiar, D., et al. (1990) Structural and immunological characterization of a linear virus-neutralizing epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein and its possible use in a synthetic vaccine. J. Virol. 64,... 

Mix together 100-200 ng linearized virus DNA and a 5x excess (by weight) of purified recombinant transfer vector DNA in a sterile, disposable (polystyrene) tube (such as a bijou). 

Linear viruses are known to form liquid crystalline structures since tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was foimd to form nemafic liquid crystalline phase. This inspired Onsager to write his seminal paper about the isotropic-nematic transition in hard rods. According to his theory (see Chapter 3), the isotropic phase becomes unstable with respect to the nematic arrangement when. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) A linear polymer, made up of deoxyribo-nueleotide units, that is the earrier of genetie information, present in ehromosomes and ehromosomal material of eell orgenelles sueh as mitroehondria and ehloroplasts, and also in some viruses. Every eharaeteristie inherited trait has its origin in the eode of eaeh individual s DNA. 

The two highest concentrations of tannic acid (0.051 and 0.034%) resulted in a linear increase of virus titer up to 21 days after inoculation, even though the reduction of starch lesion formation was 91 and 64%, respectively. Thus, the virus must have replicated beyond the limitation of starch lesions. Further experiments indicated that a systemic spread of the virus into the primary leaves in cucumber plants could be obtained by daily brushing the noninoculated primary leaves (only the cotyledons were inoculated) with tannic acid following a vacuum infiltration of whole plants with 0.051% tannic acid 24 hours after virus inoculation. Primary leaves were shielded by tinfoil during the inoculation of the cotyledons to prevent accidental infection. Aerosol O.T. (0.1%) was incorporated in tannic... 

Retroviruses Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) Spherical enveloped virus lOOnm in diameter, icosahedral cores contain two copies of linear RNA molecules and reverse transcriptase HTI.V is spread inside infected lymphocytes in blood, semen or breast milk. Most infections remain asymptomatic but after an incubation period of 10-40 years in about 2% of cases, adult T-cell leukaemia can result... 

In the clinically relevant concentration range56 the relation between the response of the sensor and the viral concentration is linear (a linear fit through the data points in Fig. 10.16a gives a correlation coefficient of 0.98) facilitating easy virus concentration predictions with a calibrated sensor. Furthermore, even at the lowest measured virus concentration (850 particles/ml) a high signal-to-noise ratio of... 

Viral DNA is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of male and female wasps. The virus also exists in an episomal form in female tissues and even in male wasps, though to a much reduced level (4). It is not known whether the linear or the episomal forms of the virus are the templates for viral replication. 

Multivariate curve resolution, 6 54—56 Multivariate linear regression, 6 32—35 Multivariate optical elements (MOE), 6 68 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 77 48, 49 22 720 26 737. See also Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) synthesis of, 26 806 Multiwall fullerenes, 12 231 Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs), 12 232 Multiwall paper bags, 78 11 Multiway analysis, 6 57-63 Multiyear profitability analysis, 9 535-537 Multiyear venture analysis, 0 537-544 sample, 9 542-S44 Mummification, 5 749 Mumps vaccine, 25 490 491 Mumps virus, 3 137 Municipal biosolids, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal distribution, potential for saline water use in, 26 55-56 Municipal effluents, disposal of, 26 54 Municipal landfill leachate, chemicals found in, 25 876t... 

Genetic material. Viruses carry genetic material in the form of single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) linear or circular RNA or DNA. The genetic material of virus specifies virus proteins. These proteins may be structural pro-... 

This theory clearly predicts that the shape of the polymer length distribution curve determines the shape of the time course of depolymerization. For example Kristofferson et al. (1980) were able to show that apparent first-order depolymerization kinetics arise from length distributions which are nearly exponential. It should also be noted that the above theory helps one to gain a better feeling for the time course of cytoskeleton or mitotic apparatus disassembly upon cooling cells to temperatures which destabilize microtubules and effect unidirectional depolymerization. Likewise, the linear depolymerization kinetic model could be applied to the disassembly of bacterial flagella, muscle and nonmuscle F-actin, tobacco mosaic virus, hemoglobin S fibers, and other linear polymers to elucidate important rate parameters and to test the sufficiency of the end-wise depolymerization assumption in such cases. 

Fig. 5 Effect of varying relaxation delays between on- and off-resonance experiments in STD NMR experiments, a Experimental setnp for interleaved measnrements in STD NMR spectroscopy, n represents the nnmber of scans. The inter-scan delay Adi is varied while keeping on- and off-resonance freqnencies constant at -4 and -t300 ppm, respectively, b The resulting STD effects for the 0-methyl group of a-L-Fuc-O-methyl in the presence of RHDV VLPs. The equation that was used for non-linear least squares data fitting is based on the saturation recovery experiment [98], With Ti(iig) = 0.91 s as measured independently (unpublished results) and a Monte Carlo error estimation yields Ti(virus) = 10.06 0.41 s. This value does not directly correspond to a Tl relaxation time of the virus protons, because other factors also influence the observed relaxation [99]. According to these findings a relaxation delay Adi = 25 s was employed in all STD experiments. This results in a recovery of 92% of the virus resonance, and thereby reduces errors in epitope mapping that are introduced otherwise by non-homogeneous recovery of the binding site.

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme is part of the circular single stranded RNA genome of the hepatitis delta virus which consists of a total of 1700 nucleotides. The HDV ribozyme is required for the processing of multimers of the genomic linear RNA transcripts to unit length by catalyzing a transesterification reaction that results in self cleavage [23]. 

The same approach was recently used for the synthesis of a cyclopeptoid as potential inhibitor of the Tat/TAR complex of the HfV-1 virus (Scheme 24) [94, 95]. Two Ugi reactions were used to prepare fragment b that was coupled to fragment a to afford linear precursor c. The macrocyclic peptidomimetic d was obtained after cyclization employing Ugi reaction of amino acid c with paraformaldehyde and t-butyl isocyanide. 

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