Nomenclature linear polymers

In 1967, the Polymer Nomenclature Committee of the American Chemical Society pubHshed proposals for naming linear polymers on the basis of their chemical stmcture (97), which were then introduced into Chemical Abstracts (CA) Indexes and pubHshed in their final form in 1968 (98). 

American Chemical Society. A structure-based nomenclature for linear polymers , Macromolecules 1, 193-198 (1968). 

The polymer is commonoly referred to as poly(dimethylsiloxane), but the IUPAC name is either poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl) or catena-poly[(diphenylsilicon)-p-oxo] depending on whether one uses the nomenclature rules for organic or inorganic polymers. The prefix catena refers to a linear polymer, not branched or crosslinked. 

Specific rules also are applied for polymers with other regular structures such as ladder type polymers or spiro polymers [3]. For single-strand linear copolymers with irregular structures, the name is given as poly(first constitutional repeating unit/second constitutional repeating unit) , etc. Detailed explanations for polymer nomenclature can be found in various reference materials (see e.g. [4]). 

There are at least three nomenclatures for linear polymers. The official nomenclature has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) and is based on the simplest repeating unit present in the polymers. However, for several reasons the lUPAC nomenclature is not the most commonly used. The most common nomenclature, which is presented in this chapter, is based on the name of the repeating unit resulting... 

Table 1.1 Nomenclature of linear polymers families are defined by the types of chemical bond and by side groups present in polymers ...

Non-linear polymers comprise branched, graft, star, cyclic, and network macromolecules. Polymer blends, interpenetrating networks, and polymer-polymer complexes are summarized as macromolecular assemblies. Their skeletal structure should be reflected in the name by using an italicized connective as a prefix to the source-based name of the polymer component or components to which the prefix applies. Table 5.10.1 lists aU classifications for non-Unear macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies with their corresponding prefixes [971UP2]. Examples for nomenclature are given in Table 5.10.2 (non-linear macromolecules) and Table 5.10.3 (macromolecular assemblies). 

Figure 8.5. Water saturation fronts in a linear polymer flood showing the nomenclature for the fractional flow theory in the text (after Pope, 1980).

American Chemical Society Division of Polymer Chemistry, Committee on Nomenclature. A Structure-Based Nomenclature for Linear Polymers . Macromolecules 1968, 1, 193-198. 

There has in the past been some confusion in the use of the term alkyd, which is said to have been derived from alcohol plus acid. The definition offered by Kienle [1], discussed later, is broad enough to include all polyesters derived essentially from diols and dicarboxylic acids, and consequently linear polyesters were initially included in this class of polymer. On the other hand, Bjorksten et al. [2], in their 1956 compilation of published information about polyesters, restrict the term polyester to the polycondensation products of dicarboxylic acids with dihydroxy alcohols, and say that this definition does not include materials commonly known as alkyds . At the present time, there are still problems of nomenclature in the fibre field arising from the use of polyester as a generic term to cover fibres containing only a very restricted range of chemical groups. 

Multiarm star (co)polymers can be defined as branched (co)polymers in which three or more either similar or different linear homopolymers or copolymers are linked together to a single core. The nomenclature that will be used follows the usual convention ... 

A slightly more complicated example in which the monomer is essentially three dimensional even though the connection remains linear is illustrated in Figure 4 [7]. Using IUPAC nomenclature this polymer (whose monomer contains two pentagons, one rectangle and two triangles) is named Poly(tricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]hept-3,5-ylene). Its systemic name is ... 

The evolving domain of radial, as well as linear, addition of modules to form an expanding moiety, in a manner akin to the development of polymers, referred to as "dendrimers", is examined and nomenclated The direct inclusion of topology in the description of isomers, once a very insignificant part of chemical nomenclature, is now a factor to be reckoned with, not only for the small class traditionally referred to as "topological" (including catenanes, rotaxanes, and knots), but also as new compositions of matter, such as the endothelial fullerenes, are formulated. 

Phosphorous is a five-valent element, and its natural oxide is P2O5, phosphorous pentoxide. It is a highly hygroscopic powder and readily reacts with water to form phosphoric acid (H3PO4). This acid when reacted with various aUcaline compounds forms phosphates. These and other modified compounds are linear or chain, cyclic or ring, and branch chain polymers. Because these compounds are polymeric, phosphates can provide a continuous structure and, hence, form good ceramics. The reader is referred to Topics in Phosphorus Chemistry by Westman [1] for details. Because of the variety of polymeric compounds formed by phosphorous, a systematic nomenclature is used in phosphate chemistry. 

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