Linear phthalate esters

Low-temperature plasticizers are used in applications where improvements in the low temperature flexibility limits are desired. Applications can include automotive interiors, weather stripping, outdoor cables, hoses, and vinyl roofing. Low-temperature plasticizers include the linear phthalate esters L9P, L911P, and LI IP or DUP. The dibasic acid esters such as DEHA (DOA), DINA, and DEHZ (di-2-ethylhexyl azelate) are also low-temperature plasticizers, but their higher volatility may Unfit their use in some applications. 

Palatinol 7P plasticizer is a linear phthalate ester based on a predominantly linear C7 alcohol. Palatinol 7P can be used as a primary plasticizer in flexible vinyl compounding or added with other phthalate plasticizers to enhance fast fusion applications. Palatinol 7P shortens both gelation and fusion times while enhancing plastisol viscosity when compared to equivalent branched alcohol chain phthalate plasticizers. Product Specifications ... 

CAS Registry Numbers 85507-79-5/111381-91-0/68515-45-7 Palatinol 11-9P-1 plasticizer is a linear phthalate ester based on predominantly linear C9 and Cll alcohols. It exhibits extremely low volatility in vinyl for automotive applications that require low weight loss, long-term property retention and excellent low temperature performance properties. 

Palatinol IIP-E plasticizer is a linear phthalate ester based on a predominantly linear Cll alcohol. 

Plasticizer Efficiency. This is a measure of the concentration of plasticizer required to impart a specified softness to PVC. Such a softness of material may be measured as a British Standard Softness (BSS) or a Shore hardness (Pig. 1). Por a given acid constituent of plasticizer ester, ie, phthalate, adipate, etc, plasticizer efficiency decreases as the carbon number of the alcohol chain increases, eg, for phthalate esters efficiency decreases in the order DBP > DIHP > DOP > DINP > DIDP > DTDP. An additional six parts per hundred in PVC of DIDP rather than DOP is required to give a hardness of Shore 80 when ah. other formulation ingredients remain constant. The consequence of this depends on the overall formulation and product costs. In addition to size of the carbon number of the alcohol chain, the amount of branching is also significant the more linear isomers are of greater efficiency. 

Developments in the USA have led to the availability of terephthalate plasticisers, for example dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). Whilst these materials are very similar to the corresponding o-phthalate esters they are generally less volatile and are best compared with d-phthalates with one or more carbon atom in the alkyl chain. As with the linear dialkyl phthalates the terephthalates show good fogging resistance. This is a phenomenon in which new cars on storage fields awaiting delivery develop misting on the windows due, apparently, to the volatility of additives in PVC compounds used with the car. 

Wolfe NL, Bums LA, Steen WC. 1980. Use of linear free energy relationships and an evaluate model to assess the fate and transport of phthalate esters in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 9 393-402. 

Wolfe, N.L., Steen, W.C., and Burns, L.A. Phthalate ester hydrolysis linear free energy relationships, Chemosphere, 9(7/8) 403-408, 1980. 

Oxonatlon of llnoar alpha oloflnt glvot primary alcohols of a high dogroo of llnoarlty. From this procoss it is possible to obtain odd-numbered, as well as even-numbered, carbon atom alcohols. These represent a new type of plasticizer raw material in the United States since such alcohols are not commercially available from natural sources, the conventional oxo process, or the ethylene growth process. Phthalate esters of these alcohols exhibit the improved performance In PVC compounds expected of linear alcohols. 

Phthalate esters of these linear alcohols were prepared by standard esterification techniques, and no problems were encountered in producing light-colored esters comparable to commercial phthalate plasticizers. For convenience, the plasticizers tested and the controls were given the code names listed in Table I. 

Wolfe, N. L., W. C. Steen, and L. A. Burns (1980b), Phthalate Ester Hydrolysis Linear Free Energy Relationships, Chemosphere 9, 403-408. 

In the 0X0 industry, the term iso denotes a mixture of isomers and does not refer to the lUPAC definition. Therefore, the abbreviations included in Table 28.2 indicate when a phthalate ester is a mixture of branched or linear isomers (i.e., DNP for linear di-w-nonylphthalate, and DINP for branched diisononylphthalate). With the exception of di-(2-ethyUiexyl) phthalate, higher molecular weight phthalate esters (alkyl chains > 6 carbons) are mixtures based on the alcohols used for its production. Eor example, DINP is a mixture of di-C8-C10 branched alkylesters, containing principally isomers with nine carbon alkyl chains. In the same way, the term DIDP refers to a mixture of di-C9-ll branched alkyl esters (Cl0-rich) of phthalic acid. 

Benzenedicarboxylic acid, benzyl C7-9 branched and linear alkyl esters. See C7-9 alkyl benzyl phthalate... 

Synonyms 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, benzyl C7-9 branched and linear alkyl esters Benzyl alkyl (C7-C8) phthalate Phthalic acid, benzyl alkyl (C7-C8) ester Uses Plasticizer Trade Names Santicizer 261... 

The family of adipic acid esters in PVC applications has improved low temperature performance relative to phthalates and lower plastisol viscosities, because of the lower inherent viscosities of the plasticizer. Adipates used are typically in the C7-C10 range. Incompatibility problems can be encoimtered at higher carbon numbers, especially at high addition levels. Adipates are more volatile and have higher migration rates than phthalates. Because they are a specialty for the PVC industry, they are higher priced. As a result, it is not imcommon to encounter adipates used in blends with phthalates to produce a compromise of properties. Because of these limitations, linear phthalates are often used in place of adipates wherever possible. 

---