Linear-chain oils

Quantitative estimation of the cross-sectional diameters 1.9nm judged from the Dc max in pfr) of the G Gj in tetradecane and hexadecane systems are very close to the value estimated from the inflection point in the total p(r)-function and almost identical in all linear-chain oils (data not shown). Addition of water significantly increases the cross-sectional diameter of the micelles indicating the formation of water pool at the micellar core. 

The common fatty acids have a linear chain containing an even number of carbon atoms, which reflects that the fatty acid chain is built up two carbon atoms at a time during biosynthesis. The structures and common names for several common fatty acids are provided in table 18.1. Fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acids contain only carbon-carbon single bonds and are termed saturated. Other fatty acids such as oleic acid contain a single carbon-carbon double bond and are termed monounsaturated. Note that the geometry around this bond is cis, not trans. Oleic acid is found in high concentration in olive oil, which is low in saturated fatty acids. In fact, about 83% of all fatty acids in olive oil is oleic acid. Another 7% is linoleic acid. The remainder, only 10%, is saturated fatty acids. Butter, in contrast, contains about 25% oleic acid and more than 35% saturated fatty acids. 

The tetraphosphates of Na+ and K+, which have not hitherto been obtained in the crystalline state, are obtained on precipitation in the form of colorless oils with a variable water content. The acid from which they are derived, H6P4O13, has four strongly and two weakly dissociated H+ ions, which proves the ion to be a linear chain and discounts the idea of an iso-... 

Metal-oxides of the type (Al203)x(Sn0)Y(Zn0)z were also studied as heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil (Macedo et al., 2006). It was observed that these materials are active for soybean oil alcoholysis with different alkyl-chain alcohols using several alcohols, including branched ones. The best result was achieved using methanol, with conversion yields up to 80% in 4 h. As observed for the complex 1 in homogenous conditions, the catalytic activities are strongly dependent on the nature of the alcohol. For alcohols with a linear chain, the reaction activities decrease with... 

The methyl arsenic system compromises two well-defined species, the pentamer (MeAs)5, a yellow pyrophoric oil (m.p. 12°C) and the purple black double-chain polymer, [(MeAs)2] (m.p. 204 °C). A red solid that is possibly the linear chain compound (MeAs) has also been described. The polymers are formed when samples of the pentamer are exposed to impurities like arsenic halides that are able to react with the arsenic-arsenic bond and may act as end groups. The most widely used method for the preparation of larger amounts of (MeAs)j is the reduction of methylarsonic acid, MeAsO(OH)2, or its sodium salt with hypophosphoric acid " °. Samples prepared by this method, however, may contain between 5 and 15% of impurities. A method that minimizes impurities is the reaction of MeAsHj with dibenzylmercury (equation 3) °. 

The principal material categories discussed in this article are illustrated in Fig. 1. Categories shown are fatty chain acids, salts, alcohols or amines, oils and waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, neutral lipids, and non-linear chain compounds, such as sterols. 

This combination of separation and elemental detection allowed them to see several oligomeric series of species in the polysiloxanes, which were compared with the retention times of standard compounds. The series proved to be linear chains, branched chains, and cyclic structures. The chromatographic method was able to give a baseline separation of each of the ohgomers up to 60 units of trimethoxy-polydimethylsiloxane (silicone oils and greases are this type of polymer). 

The phase behavior of monoglycerol fatty acid esters with different alkyl chain length in liquid paraffin oil, squalane, and squalene is described first, then the phase behavior in the dilute regions of the monoglycerol fatty acid esters in linear chain alkanes is discussed. This section is based on Ref. [64], and [69], respectively. 

Zabaloy and Vera [ 132] studied reverse micelles involving a linear hydrocarbon oil phase (octane, decane, dodecane, tetradecane or hexadecane), a straight chain... 

The workhorse amphoteric surfactants are the alkyl- and alkylamidopropyl betaines, containing C8-C18 linear chain distributions that are derived from coconut or palm kernel oil, or ethylene-based alpha olefins. The alkyl betaines are prepared from ADMA feedstocks that are typically derived from alpha olefins and dimethyl amine throngh hydrohalogenation and alkylation reaction steps. The alkylamidopropyl betaines are based on tertiary amines derived from whole triglycerides or their fractionated derivative fatty acids or methyl esters reacted with DMAPA. 

Most higher alcohols of commercial importance are primary alcohols secondary alcohols have more limited specialty uses. Detergent range alcohols are apt to be straight chain materials and are made either from natural fats and oils or by petrochemical processes. The plasticizer range alcohols are more likely to be branched chain materials and are made primarily by petrochemical processes. Whereas alcohols made from natural fats and oils are always linear, some petrochemical processes produce linear alcohols and others do not. Industrial manufacturing processes are discussed in Synthetic processes. 

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