Limonene rosemary

In our research, cotton fabrics were treated with EC microcapsules containing essential oils such as Rosemary oil or limonene. Rosemary oil is used in aromatherapy and in medicine for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Limonene is the main component of the essential lemon oil it is widely used in perfumes and cosmetics. 

In the search for environmentally benign chemicals that might deter birds such as starlings, crows, or pigeons from roosting en masse, spices and herbs such as rosemary, cumin, and thyme look promising. In some experiments, the birds feet were immersed in oil extracts of the spices. Starlings also avoided perches treated with starch mixes of (R)-limonene, (S)-limonene, (3-pinene, or methiocarb. The first three occur in rosemaiy, cumin, and thyme (Clark, 1997). 

White thyme is not complete or natural, but is usually an adulterated and compounded oil made up of fractions of pine oils, rosemary, eucalyptus and red thyme, or it may be origanum with p-cymene, pinene, limonene and caryophyllene. 

The rosemary extracts were collected as separate samples succesively in time. Each of them was analysed separatively and the results are listed in Table 4. The concentrations of a-pinene, champhene, p-cimene and limonene decreased with extraction time, while that of the oxygeneted derivatives (cineol, linalool, camphor, bomeol and verbenon) increased significantly. 

Both an aqueous phase and an oily phase (including waxes and essential oils) were extracted from the herbs. These were collected separately as described in the next section. The essential oils in the oily extract were camphor, verbenone, P-myrcene, 1,8 cineole and limonene for Rosemary and thymol, geraniol and geranyl acetate,carvocrol and borneol for Thyme. 

Camphene, a- Rosemary plant, P-Pinene, Cineole, and spruce needles Camphor, Bomeol, Bomyl Acetate, Humulene Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamon Coumarin, C15H24 Isomers Limonene, a- Orange peel P-Pinene, C15H24 Limonene, Menthol, Chewing gum Isomenthone, Carvone, Menthone, C15H24 45 0.90 300... 

The rosemary used in this project was direcdy purchased from a local grocery store. The raw rosemary was grounded using ceramic mortar and pesde. Methylene chloride and acetone used for solvent exfraction were of analytical grade and purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Pinene, canqihene, limonene, canqihor, citronella, and carvacrol were obtained from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). 

Natural resin paints natural resins (e.g., shellac) or chemical modified natural resins (e.g., colophonium derivates), additions (e.g., methyl cellulose, natural latex, casein), inorganic, organic pigments (mainly natural origin), mineral fillers, additives (organic solvents alcohols, terpenes, oil of turpentine, limonenes), essential oils (eucalyptus oil, oil of rosemary, oil of bergamot) various applications... 

Ethyl cellulose (EC) was purchased from Aldrich (viscosity 4 cP, 5 % in toluene/ethanol 80 20, extent of labeling 48% ethoxyl). Rosemary oil was provided from Etol, Celje, Slovenia. R(+)limonene (95% sum of enantiomers) was used from Fluka. All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Pure cotton vrith a mass of 140 g/m was used after it was first desized, scoured, bleached and mercerized on continuous production equipment. 

EC microcapsules containing oil were poured into cyclohexane and ultrasonicated for 1 min to extract the oils. The suspension was then filtered through a 0.25 pm filter to separate EC microcapsules. The limonene content was determined by FT Raman Spectroscopy. Each determination was carried in triplicate. FT-IR analysis gave qualitative information regarding Rosemary oil content in EC microcapsules. Thus, the 1730 cm band was monitored. 

EC microcapsules containing Rosemary oil or limonene were obtained by phase separation method. According to this procedure, EC microcapsules without oil could also be produced. This could be explained due to EC inter cial activity, which stabilizes the formed emulsion. Surfactant-fiee multiple emulsions using EC as a polymeric emulsifier have already been reported by Melzer and collaborators [8]. From the scanning electron micrographs shown in Fig. 1 it is observed that EC microc g)sules had regular spherical sh, the size of microcapsules varied and that the surface was porous. 

Good results in terms of recovery, shape, size distribution were obtained in the case of blank microcapsules (Table 1). The presence of oil causes deficiencies of the microcapsule recovery. In order to facilitate the encapsulation of oil, this should have a density comparable to that of the aqueous external phase and complete immiscibility with the external phase [6,9]. This could explain the increased yield micnoenc ulation of Rosemary oil (density 0.91 g/ml) compart to limonene (density 0.84 g/ml). 

Enantioselective GC has found a wide variety of applications, for instance, studies of citronellol (Ravid et al., 1992) and a-terpineol (Ravid et al., 1995) in a variety of species and verbenone in rosemary oils (Ravid et al., 1997). Chiral phases were applied to the separation of linalool and linalyl acetate in a variety of plant species (Konig et al., 1992 Cassabianca et al., 1998), extracts of Angelica seeds and roots (Holm et al., 1997) and other monoterpenoids in geranium oils (Kreis Mosandl, 1993). Separation of monoterpenes in Scots pine and juniper oils (Hiltunen Laakso, 1995), Abies (Holm et al., 1994) and Picea (Persson et al., 1996) oils and limonene, linalool, citronellal and P-citronellol Cymbopogon winterianus)... 

Fig. 2 Total ion chromatogram of monoteipenes present in the gaseous emission of (a) Douglas-fir, (b) Rosemary and (c) Lavender. Peaks 1, a-Thujene 2, (-)-a-Pinene 3, (+) a-Pinene 4, Myrcene 5, Tryciclene 6, (+)-Camphene 7, (-)-Sabinene 8, (-)-Camphene 9, (+)-fi-3-Carene 10, a-Terpinene 11, (+)-p-Pinene 12, (-)-p-Pinene 13, m-Cymene 14, o-Cymene 15, (+)-Limonene 16, (+)-p-Phellangrene 17, (+)-p-PheUangrene 18, 7-Terpinene 19, a-Trpinolene 20,1,8-Cineole 21, (-)-4-Carene 22, (+)-4-Carene 23, (-)-Camphor.

The technique has also been successfully applied to the authenticity assessment of various commercially available rosemary oils [111]. The ER of a-pinene, camphene, P-pinene, limonene, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, a-terpineol, linalool, and camphor were measured moreover, (IS)-(-)-borneol of high enantiomeric purity (higher than 90%) has been defined as a reliable indicator of... 

A monoterpene found in the volatile oil of bitter orange peel Citrus aurantium L. subsp. amara) and lemon peel [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.]. (7 )-(- -)-isomer is the dominant enantiomer in most plant that produce it, however, both enantiomers (and the racemic form dipentene) are found in different ratios and amounts in many plant products, such as volatile oils of rosemary, lavender, lemon grass, eucalyptus, and others [65], The use of this compound as a fragrance is widespread. The two optical forms of limonene, differ in the intensity of odor, which is stronger in case of (-)-limonene [the odor quality is more turpentine than orange as is for (/ )-(- -)-isomer] [66,67], (7 )-(- -)-Limonene, although not allergenic itself, forms a number of oxidation products which are frequent skin sensitizers. 

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