Lignan Extraction

LiGGiNS J, GRIMWOOD R, BINGHAM s A (2000) Extraction and quantification of lignan ph)doestrogens in food and human samples. naZ Biochem. 287 102-9. 

Various extraction methods for phenolic compounds in plant material have been published (Ayres and Loike, 1990 Arts and Hollman, 1998 Andreasen et ah, 2000 Fernandez et al., 2000). In this case phenolic compounds were an important part of the plant material and all the published methods were optimised to remove those analytes from the matrix. Our interest was to find the solvents to modily the taste, but not to extract the phenolic compounds of interest. In each test the technical treatment of the sample was similar. Extraction was carried out at room temperature (approximately 23 °C) for 30 minutes in a horizontal shaker with 200 rpm. Samples were weighed into extraction vials and solvent was added. The vials were closed with caps to minimise the evaporation of the extraction solvent. After 30 minutes the samples were filtered to separate the solvent from the solid. Filter papers were placed on aluminium foil and, after the solvent evaporahon, were removed. Extracted samples were dried at 100°C for 30 minutes to evaporate all the solvent traces. The solvents tested were chloroform, ethanol, diethylether, butanol, ethylacetate, heptane, n-hexane and cyclohexane and they were tested with different solvent/solid ratios. Methanol (MeOH) and acetonitrile (ACN) were not considered because of the high solubility of catechins and lignans to MeOH and ACN. The extracted phloem samples were tasted in the same way as the heated ones. Detailed results from each extraction experiment are presented in Table 14.2. 

EtOH extraction was the most efficient way to improve the flavour of the phloem. A solvent/solid ratio of at least 10 1/kg was needed to achieve a significant change in the taste. The loss of catechins was approximately 27% and that of lignans was 35%. All the catechins and lignans were found from the EtOH extract. Losses of lignans and catechins were smaller with other sovents, but either the taste was not modified or the cost of solvent treatment would be too high. Phenolic compounds like lignans and catechins also have a bitter taste and some improvement in flavour may have occurred because of the lower concentration of these. The disappearance of the characteristic... 

Z. Kuklenyik, X. Ye, J.A. Reich, L.L. Needham and A.M. Calafat, Automated online and off-line solid-phase extraction methods for measuring isoflavones and lignans in urine. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 42 (2004) 495-500. 

Umezawa T, Kuroda H, Isohata T et al (1994) Enantioselective lignan synthesis by cell-free extracts of Forsythia koreana. Biosci Biotech Biochem 58 230-234... 

Umezawa T, Davin LB, Lewis NG (1991) Formation of lignans (-)-secoisolariciresinol and (-)-matairesinol with Forsythia intermedia ceU-free extracts. J Biol Chem 266 10210-10217 Okunishi T, Sakakibara N, Suzuki S et al (2004) Stereochemistry of matairesinol formation by Daphne secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase. J Wood Sci 50 77-81 XiaZ-Q, Costa MA, Pelissier HC et al (2001) Secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase purification, cloning, and functional expression. J Biol Chem 276 12614-12623... 

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Hypocholesterolemic activity. Extract of the dried entire plant, administered to rats at a dose of 30% of diet, was active " . Lignan fraction of the seed, administered in the ration of 4-week-old rats at a dose of 0.2% of the diet for 3 weeks, was active. Dietary fat sources were safflower and primrose oils . 

Chiu, J. T., and 1. B. Haydik. Sesame seed oil anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991 88(3) 414-415. Mimura, M., Y. Takahara, A. Ichikawa, and T. Osawa. Lignan compounds and their manufacture with Sesamum indicum. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-36,207,389 1988 5 pp. Murui, T., and A. Ide. Anticarcino-genic glycosides with aglycones extracted from sesame seeds. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-62,238,287 1987 ... 

ILs have been used for MEKC as modifiers for the quantification of the active components of lignans found in the medicinal herbs Schisandra species [52]. Preliminary inveshgations employing SDS alone as a surfactant did not lead to the necessary resolution of the studied compounds but the addition of [C4CiIm][Bp4] to the SDS micellar system resulted in the complete separation of all fhe compounds. The method was successfully applied to determine lignans in extracts of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and Schisandra henryi C.B. Clarke in <13 min (5 mM borate-5 mM phosphate buffer in the presence of 20 mM SDS and 10 mM [C4CiIm][BFJ). 

In addition to solvent extraction of lignans, a dry mechanical method for concentrating the lignan SDG was developed by Madhusudhan et al (2000). As a result, the content of SDG increased from 1290 and 1430 mg/100 g in whole Neche and Omega seed, respectively, to 2760 and 2380 mg/100 g in the hull-rich fractions (Madhusudhan et al, 2000). 

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