Lewis acids aluminum chloride

In 1950 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was banned in Germany by the allied forces. Sinarol, a high paraffinic kerosene fraction sold by Shell, was used as a substitute. This ban coincided with the rapid development of the European petrochemical industry, and in due time Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applied to the production of paraffins became uneconomic anyway. After the war there was a steady worldwide increase in the demand for surfactants. In order to continually meet the demand for synthetic detergents, the industry was compelled to find a substitute for /z-paraffin. This was achieved by the oligomerization of the propene part of raffinate gases with phosphoric acid catalyst at 200°C and about 20 bars pressure to produce tetrapropene. Tetrapropene was inexpensive, comprising a defined C cut and an olefinic double bond. Instead of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid could now be used as a considerably milder, more economical, and easier-to-handle alkylation catalyst [4],... 

Hussey et al. carried out an aluminum bulk deposition on copper foil using a Lewis acidic aluminum chloride 1 -ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride-based ionic liquid [9]. The thickness of the observed deposits were in the range 24—30 pm. Without additives the deposits were not shiny and only poorly adherent. The addition of benzene enhanced the quality of the deposit. XRD measurements confirmed that the composition of the deposits was 100% aluminum metal. 

The electrodeposition of gallium is of interest for its extraction and purification and for the production of III-V semiconductors. Sun et al. were the first to report the electrodeposition of gallium from Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1 -ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride melts (ratio 60 40 mol%) on tungsten and glassy carbon in 1999 [14] The Ga(I) species was introduced by anodization of the gallium metal. 

Fluorine-containing aldehydes, ketones and acid fluorides undergo photoinitiated cycloaddition reactions with fluorinated alkenes to give oxetanes.90 91 The addition of hexafluoroacetone (11) to fluoroalkenes can also be performed in the presence of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride fluoride.92-1 22-1 23 Unlike the photochemical cycloaddition of hexafluoroacetone with trifluoroethene, the Lewis acid catalyzed addition is regioselective.92 Fluorooxetanes (c. g., 14) have also been synthesized by the addition of formaldehyde to fluoroalkenes in hydrogen fluoride.94 Examples of the formation of fluorooxetanes by [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions arc-given in Table 8. 

Pitner WR, Hussey CL (1997) Electrodeposition of zinc from the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-l-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride room temperature molten salt. J Electrochem Soc 144 3095-3099... 

Tsuda T, Hussey CL, Stafford GR (2003) Electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt. J Electrochem Soc 150 C234-C237... 

The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, named after the French and American chemists who discovered it, used to prepare aryl ketones, is catalyzed by the Lewis acid aluminum chloride. Although aluminum chloride is a catalyst, it must be used (in Friedel-Crafts reactions) in stoichiometric amounts, as the portion of aluminum chloride that is catalytically inactive strongly binds to the product. Because aluminum chloride is corrosive and difficult to handle and must be destroyed when the reaction is complete, chemists continue to seek more environmentally friendly catalysts for this reaction. 

Friedel-Crafts acylation is a well-known reaction. For example, one can react benzene with succinic anhydride using a Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, to synthesize... 

Modification of Ozone Reactivity. The reactivity of ozone toward various unsaturated moieties can be moderated by the addition of either Lewis acids or pyridine to the ozonations. Enhanced electrophilic ozone reactivity toward aromatic substrates is observed when the Lewis acids Aluminum Chloride or Boron Triftuoride are added to reaction mixtures. Conversely, an apparent decrease in ozone reactivity and a concurrent increase in the regioselectivity of ozone attack can be achieved by adding small amounts of pyridine to ozonolyses (eq 26). It is thought that coordination of either the Lewis acid or basic pyridine to ozone results in the modified reactivity. 

Tsuda T, Hussey CL (2008) Electrodeposition of photocatalytic AllnSb semiconductor alloys in the lewis acidic aluminum chloride-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room-temperature ionic liquid. Thin Solid Eifrns 516(18) 6220-6225. doi 10.1016/J.tsf.2007.11.114... 

Aluminum chloride is a powerful Lewis acid that reacts with the bromine atom in 21 (the Lewis base), and the initial product is the primary cation 79. In previous sections, it was assumed that a primary carbocation cannot form. This reaction is obviously an exception to that assumption. The reason for the difference is the powerful Lewis acid aluminum chloride, which does indeed react with the bromine to give a carbocation. This is a Lewis acid-Lewis base reaction, and does not involve ionization. However, carbocation 79 does not lead to the final product. The final product is 81, and this product must arise from secondary carbocation 80. 

Bromine reacts with ferric bromide to form Br FeBr4, and benzene must react as a Lewis base with Br in order to form 18. It is known that an identical reaction occurs to give 18 when benzene reacts with Br2 and the powerful Lewis acid aluminum chloride (AICI3). Reaction of Br2 and AICI3 gives Br AlClgBr-, which then reacts with benzene. This example is provided to show that many Lewis acids may be used. This example also shows that Br is formed despite the presence of chlorine atoms in AICI3. 

Conj ugate Additions. Cyanotrimethylsilane reacts with a,p-unsaturated ketones in the presence of Lewis acids (aluminum chloride, tin(II) chloride, triethylaluminum) to yield, upon hydrolysis, the corresponding 1,4-addition products (eqs 5 and 6). This methodology is superior to other procedures. By controlling the reaction conditions and the stoichiometry of the reaction, the kineticaUy controlled 1,2-addition products can also be obtained in bigb yields (eq 7). ... 

The mechanism of the reaction involves the formation of an ion pair, by abstraction of a halide from a haloalkane by the powerfully Lewis acidic aluminum chloride (Equation 12.1) ... 

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