Acids Aluminum chloride

Phenol Butadiene, peroxodisulfuric acid, peroxosulfuric acid, aluminum chloride plus nitrobenzene... 

The principal use of the alkylation process is the production of high octane aviation and motor gasoline blending stocks by the chemical addition of C2, C3, C4, or C5 olefins or mixtures of these olefins to an iso-paraffin, usually isobutane. Alkylation of benzene with olefins to produce styrene, cumene, and detergent alkylate are petrochemical processes. The alkylation reaction can be promoted by concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum chloride, or boron fluoride at low temperatures. Thermal alkylation is possible at high temperatures and very high pressures. 

The catalyst acid sites are both Bronsted and Lewis type. The catalyst can have either strong or weak Bronsted sites or, strong i)i weak Lewis sites. A Bronsted-type acid is a substance capable of donating a proton. Hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are typical Bronsted acids. A Lewis-type acid is a substance that accepts a pair of electrons. Lewis acids may not have hydrogen in them but they are still acids. Aluminum chloride is the classic example of a Lewis acid. Dissolved in water, it will react with hydroxyl, causing a drop in solution pH. 

In 1950 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was banned in Germany by the allied forces. Sinarol, a high paraffinic kerosene fraction sold by Shell, was used as a substitute. This ban coincided with the rapid development of the European petrochemical industry, and in due time Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applied to the production of paraffins became uneconomic anyway. After the war there was a steady worldwide increase in the demand for surfactants. In order to continually meet the demand for synthetic detergents, the industry was compelled to find a substitute for /z-paraffin. This was achieved by the oligomerization of the propene part of raffinate gases with phosphoric acid catalyst at 200°C and about 20 bars pressure to produce tetrapropene. Tetrapropene was inexpensive, comprising a defined C cut and an olefinic double bond. Instead of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid could now be used as a considerably milder, more economical, and easier-to-handle alkylation catalyst [4],... 

Mitchell, J. A., The Electrodeposition of Cobalt, Iron, Antimony and Their Alloys from Acidic Aluminum Chloride 1 -methyl-3-ethylimidazolium Chloride Room-Temperature Molten Salts, Ph.D. Dissertation, 1997, University of Mississippi University, MS. 

Many catalysts can be used, including sulfuric acid, aluminum chloride, phosphorous pentoxide, etc. 

Important aviation and motor alkylate gasoline processes are the jet-type sulfuric acid process, the Kellogg sulfuric acid autoref rigeration process, the UOP hydrofluoric acid process, and the Stratford effluent refrigeration process. Petrochemical alkylation includes various processes using as catalysts solid phosphoric acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid, boron trifluoride, and phenol and ether complexes of boron trifluoride (1). 

Salicylic acid Aluminum chloride Thionyl chloride... 

Sodium hydride Hydrochloric acid Aluminum chloride o-Phosphoric acid Sodium hydroxide Palladium on carbon Sodium borohydride l,3-Dihydro-l-benzyl-2H-benzimidazol-2-one... 

Hussey et al. carried out an aluminum bulk deposition on copper foil using a Lewis acidic aluminum chloride 1 -ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride-based ionic liquid [9]. The thickness of the observed deposits were in the range 24—30 pm. Without additives the deposits were not shiny and only poorly adherent. The addition of benzene enhanced the quality of the deposit. XRD measurements confirmed that the composition of the deposits was 100% aluminum metal. 

The electrodeposition of gallium is of interest for its extraction and purification and for the production of III-V semiconductors. Sun et al. were the first to report the electrodeposition of gallium from Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1 -ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride melts (ratio 60 40 mol%) on tungsten and glassy carbon in 1999 [14] The Ga(I) species was introduced by anodization of the gallium metal. 

Fluorine-containing aldehydes, ketones and acid fluorides undergo photoinitiated cycloaddition reactions with fluorinated alkenes to give oxetanes.90 91 The addition of hexafluoroacetone (11) to fluoroalkenes can also be performed in the presence of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride fluoride.92-1 22-1 23 Unlike the photochemical cycloaddition of hexafluoroacetone with trifluoroethene, the Lewis acid catalyzed addition is regioselective.92 Fluorooxetanes (c. g., 14) have also been synthesized by the addition of formaldehyde to fluoroalkenes in hydrogen fluoride.94 Examples of the formation of fluorooxetanes by [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions arc-given in Table 8. 

Pitner WR, Hussey CL (1997) Electrodeposition of zinc from the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-l-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride room temperature molten salt. J Electrochem Soc 144 3095-3099... 

Tsuda T, Hussey CL, Stafford GR (2003) Electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt. J Electrochem Soc 150 C234-C237... 

Incompatible with bases, amines, amides, and inorganic hydroxides diazo confounds strong acids aluminum chloride. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), alcohol-resistant foam, or CO2 extinguishers. 

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