Leukotriene B4

The method has been applied in asymmetric and regioselective syntheses of several natural compounds. Two simple examples are the commercial syntheses of the gipsy moth hydrophobic sex attractant, disparlure (RE. Rossiter, 1981, 1985) and < mono-epoxidation of a diene in a leukotriene B4 synthesis (L.S. Mills, 1983). 

Leukotriene B4, formed by enzymic hydrolysis of LTA4, is chemotactic for macrophages and neutrophils at concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml. The stereochemistry of the conjugated triene subunit was established by synthesis which also made LTB4 available in quantity for biological research. 

Polmar, S., Diaz-Gonzalez, F., Dougados, M., Ortiz, P., and del-Miguel, G. (2004). Limited clinical efficacy of a leukotriene B4 receptor (LTBQ antagonist in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthritis Rheum. 50 S239. 

PPARa NR1C1 Fatty acids, leukotriene B4, fibrates... 

Calderwood, S.K., Bomstein, B., Famum, E.K.., Stevenson, M.A. (1989). Heat shock stimulates the release of arachidonic acid and the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotriene B4 in mammalian cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 141, 325-333. 

These cells respond to a number of different chemoattractants which have specific and distinct receptors on the membrane surface (for recent reviews see Refs. 3 and 4). Such chemoattractants include N-formylpeptides, which are bacterial peptides, and mediators of inflammation such as leukotriene B4, C5a, and platelet activating factor. 

Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) is a mixture of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. This mixture of leukotrienes is a potent constrictor of the bronchial ait-way musculature. These leukotrienes together with leukotriene B4 also cause vascular permeabifity and attraction and activation of leukocytes and ate important regulators in many diseases involving inflammatory or... 

Brain, S., Camp, K, Dowd, P., Kobza-Black, A. and Greaves, M. (1984). The release of leukotriene B4-like material in biologically active amounts from the lesional skin of patients with psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 83, 70-73. 

Chan, C.C., Duhamel, L. and Ford-Hutchison, A. (1985). Leukotriene B4 and 12-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid stimulate epidermal proliferation in vivo in the guinea pig. J. Invest. Dermatol. 85, 333-334. 

Evans, J.F., Leblanc, Y., Fitzsimmons, B.J., Charleson, S.M., Nathaniel, D. and Leveille, C. (1987). Activation ofleuko-cy te movement and displacement of [ H]-leukotriene B4 from leukocyte membrane preparations by (12 - and (12S)-hydroxyeicosate-traenoic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 917, 406-410. 

Fogh, K., Herlin, T. and Kr balle, K. (1989). Eicosanoids in acute and chronic psoriatic lesions leukotriene B4, but not 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is present in biologically active amounts in acute lesions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 92, 837-841. 

Sola, P., Godessart, N., Vila, L., Puig, L. and Moragas, J.M. (1992). Epidermal cell-polymorphonuclear leukocyte cooperation in the formation of leukotriene B4 by transcellular biosynthesis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 98, 333-339. 

Stenson, W.F. (1988). Leukotriene B4 in inflammatory bowel disease. In Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Basic Research and Clinical Implications (eds. H. Goebell, B.M. Peskar and H. Malchow) pp. 143-153, MTP Press, Lancaster. 

Eosinophils may be increased in some patients, particularly during exacerbations. Activated inflammatory cells release a variety of mediators, most notably leukotriene B4, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). Various proteinases, such as elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3, are secreted by activated neutrophils. These mediators and proteinases are capable of sustaining inflammation and damaging lung structures. 

Tl. Takakuwa, T., Endo, S Nakae, H., Suzuki, T Inada, K., Yoshida, M Ogawa, M., and Uchi-da, K Relationships between plasma levels of type-II phospholipase A2, PAF-acetylhydrolase, leukotriene B4, complements, endothelin-1, and thrombomodulin in patients with sepsis. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 84,271-281 (1994). 

Liang, A.M., Claret, E., Ouled-Diaf, J., Jean, A., Vogel, D., Light, D.R., Jones, S.W., Guilford, W.J., Parkinson, J.F., and Snider, R.M. (2007) Development of a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence leukotriene B4 assay for determining the activity of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase. J. Biomol. Screen. 12, 536-545. 

Dick et al. [88] studied the antioxidant effects of NADPH-dependent alkenal/one oxidor-eductase (AO), also known as leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase, 15-oxoprostaglan-din 13-reductase, and dithiolethione-inducible gene-1. It was found that AO catalyzed the hydrogenation of many a,(3-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones and protected against cytotoxic action of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. 

The title compounds LTB4, 21 (Z) and 22 (Z), have been synthesized23 by stereoselective reduction with deuterium gas of a 1 1 mixture of the suitable diacetylenic precursors 23 and 24 using Lindlar catalyst or palladium on barium sulphate catalyst (equation 10). Leukotriene B4, a 5-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, playing... 

---