Neutrophil leukocytes

Expression (Mouse) Tissues lungs, Cells myeloid leukocytes, neutrophils, T-cells, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils Tissues lung, skin, small intestine Cells macrophages, fibroblasts, leukocytes Tissues lung, skin, brain, small intestine, spleen Cells macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, leukocytes... 

Melanocortin peptides have been proposed as potent modulators of many pathologies including inflammatory (asthma, arthritis) and cardiovascular disease. They have been shown to be directed against resident cells within tissue such as macrophages, endothelial cells and also circulating leukocytes (neutrophils and lymphocytes). Therefore harnessing their therapeutic potential could lead to the development of novel therapeutics. 

Discuss the major functions of each of the five types of leukocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes... 

The manifestations of inflammation with deep-seated infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, and urinary tract infection must be ascertained by examining tissues or fluids. For example, the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) in spinal fluid, lung secretions (sputum), and urine is highly suggestive of bacterial infection. 

The metabolism of AA by the 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenases (LOX) results in the production of hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HPETEs), which rapidly convert to hydroxy derivatives (HETEs) and leukotrienes (Figure 18-3). The most actively investigated leukotrienes are those produced by the 5-LOX present in leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocyte-macrophages) and other inflammatory cells such as mast cells and dendritic cells. This pathway is of great interest since it is associated with asthma, anaphylactic shock, and cardiovascular disease. Stimulation of these cells elevates intracellular... 

Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils/mast cells"... 

Newburger et al. 1948 Pietras et al. 1968), and a decrease (Pietras et al. 1968) or an increase (McCarron et al. 1981) in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) were observed in individuals ingesting a single dose of white phosphoms. 

Human leukocyte elastase (HLE EC 3.4.21.37 also known as human neutrophil elastase, HNE) [1] is a strongly basic glycoprotein which is produced by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) and is released from their azurophilic granules [2]. HLE exists as at least four distinct isozymes, which range in molecular weight from 24 [3] to 30 kDa [4] and appear to differ only in carbohydrate content [5]. Furthermore, human sputum elastase (HSE), which is isolated from purulent sputum as at least five distinct isozymes [6], is both immunologically and catalytically indistinguishable from HLE [7] and is believed to be identical to it. 

The inflammatory response occurs in vascularised tissues in response to injury it is part of the innate (nonspecific) immune response. Inflammatory responses require activation of leukocytes neutrophils. 

Aa leukotoxin lyses leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) on contact, whereas Cdt kills lymphocytes whose surface antigen receptor has bound to an antigen, or macrophages whose Macl integrin has bound to one of its many ligands (Sect. 13.2.4). In LAP, antibodies that bind to both these toxins appear in the blood and they may facilitate... 

PMN Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, neutrophils that clean up the cell debris from acute inflammation. 

However, direct inhibition of the action of IL-8 might be the most effective and beneficial therapy considering clinical application. This novel intervention therapy inhibits specific types of leukocytes, neutrophils, and thus can be applied to neutrophil-mediated acute inflammatory diseases in any organ and/or tissue injury. This approach does not accelerate the spread of unexpected bacterial infection because there is no inhibitory action against monocyte/macrophages. Moreover, because IL-8 is involved relatively downstream of the cytokine network in acute inflanunation, and anti-IL-8 therapy is expected to have few side effects compared with other anticytokine therapies. Furthermore, this therapy not only inhibits neutrophil infiltration but also neutrophil-associated tissue injury. Thus, at present, humanized monoclonal antibodies to human IL-8 is expected to be one of the most promising clinical applications of novel intervention therapy for acute inflammatory diseases. 

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil) Monocytes and lymphocytes Fibroblasts and endothelial cells (capillaries) Macrophages and foreign body giant cells Fibroblasts... 

Imaging/Labeling Applications Cells high density lipoprotein (HDL) leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) " mitochondria " sperms ... 

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 % glycogen solution into male guinea-pigs, and collected by centrifugation in PBS (Ohura et al., 1990). The washed cells were resuspended in Dulbecco s modified Eagle... 

---