Leishmanicidal

Amphotericin B (15) is an antifimgal macioHde antibiotic produced by Streptomjces nodosus that has been used as an alternative, albeit more toxic, dmg to the antimonials. It acts as a leishmanicide against the visceral and mucocutaneous forms of the disease. To overcome its potentially severe nephrotoxicity, the dmg must be adrninistered over an extended period of time. 

Staerk, D., Lemmich, E., Christensen, J., Kharazmi, A., Olsen, C. E. and Jaroszewski, J. W. 2000. Leishmanicidal, antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of indole alkaloids from Corynanthe pachyceras. Planta Medica, 66 531-536. 

Montenegro, H., Gutidrrez, M., Romero, L. L, Ortega-Barrfa, E., Capson, T. L. and Rios, L. C. 2003. Aporhine alkaloids from Guatteria spp. with Leishmanicidal activity. Planta Medica, 69 677-679. 

Mendonca-Filho, R.R., I A. Rodrigues, D. S. Alviano, et al. Leishmanicidal activity of polyphenolic-rich extract from husk fiber of Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palrmie). Res Microbiol 2004 155(3) 136-143. 

Sairafianpour, M. et al., Leishmanicidal and antiplasmodial activity of constituents of Smirnowia iranica. Journal of Natural Products, 65, 1754, 2002. 

Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Samreen, Shah SAA, Ahmed S, Atta-ur-Rahman (2006) Biotransformation of Physalin H and Leishmanicidal Activity of Its Transformed Products. Chem Pharm Bull 54 927... 

Moderate leishmanicidal activity against amastigotes of Leishmania don-ovani in hamsters was shown by thienopyrimidine 187 (89JPR957). 

Curcumin possesses leishmanicidal effects in vitro and is more potent than the standard leishmaniasis drug, pentamidine. LD50 for leishmanicidal activity in vitro is found to be 37.6 3.5pM (Koide et al., 2002). 

Koide, T., Nose, M., Ogihara, Y., Yabu, Y. and Ohta, N. (2002) Leishmanicidal effect of curcumin in vitro. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25, 131-133. 

HT-R ligand (brain), partial agonist (ileum) (alA-R, a2A-R) [leishmanicidal]... 

Steroidal alkaloids have been encountered only in one Malaysian species, viz., Hoiarrhena curlisii, from which holacurtine (36), the first aminoglycosteroid was obtained [45]. Previous studies of African and Indian Hoiarrhena showed that these plants provided mainly steroidal alkaloids of the aminopregnane-type [46-48]. The Indian species H antidysenterica in particular has received considerable attention since the plant has a long history of being used in the treatment of dysentery [49,50]. A second study of the Malaysian H. curlisii was prompted by the observation that the chloroform and ethanol extracts of the leaves showed significant leishmanicidal activity which was subsequently traced lo the basic fraction derived from these extracts. Further fractionation led to the isolation of several aminoglycosteroids, holacurtine... 

Campnosperma panamense Standi, (leaves) Lanaroflavone (249). Antiprotozoal activity. antimalarial and leishmanicidal activities, but inactive against Chagas disease vector. Trypanosoma cruzi. Weniger et al., 2001 [126], 2004 [70], 2006[86]. 

Gymnospermae (leaf exudates) (epicuticular material of a number of species). Biflavones amentoflavone (1) bilobetin (3) podocarpusflavone A (6) sciadopitysin (15) cupressuflavone (86). Bilobetin is an active leishmanicidal compound. Wollenweber et al., 1998[431] Weniger et al., 2006[86]. 

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (leaves) Bilobetin (3) II-7-O-methyl-robustaflavone (66) eupressuflavone (86). A Brazilian medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases, including dry skin, herpes disease, wounds, and sexually transmitted diseases. Bilobetin is an aetive leishmanicidal eompound. Antiviral activity antiherpes activity (Flerpes Simplex Virus type 1, HSV-1). Weniger et al., 2006[86] Freitas et al.,2009[79]. 

Antifungal activity. Ginkgetin and isoginkgetin were active leishmanicidal compounds. These compounds also showed good antitrypanosomal activity. 

Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirb. (leaves) Biflavones Amentoflavone (1) I-7,4 -di-O-methyl-amentoflavone (= ginkgetin) (7) heveaflavone (18) I-7,4, II-7,4 -tetra-O-methylamentoflavone (19). Used in Zulu traditional medieine. Ginkgetin is an aetive leishmanicidal compound. Ginkgetin also showed a good antitrypanosomal activity. Antimicrobial activity. Fozdar et al., 1989[483] Abdillahi et al., 2008[484], 2010[485]. 

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. (leaves and branches) Biflavones Sequoiaflavone (2) ginkgetin (7) sciadopitysin (15). Ginkgetin is an active leishmanicidal compound. Ginkgetin also showed a good antitrypanosomal activity. Qiu et ah, 1989[492] Weniger etal.,2006[86]. 

Antiprotozoal Activity (Antiplasmodial, Leishmanicidal and Antitrypanosomal Activities)... 

Weniger, B. Vonthron-Senecheau, C. Kaiser, M. Bnm, R. Anton, R., Comparative antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal activities of several biflavonoids, Phytomedicine, 2006, 13, 176-180. 

Kimert, O. Swamy, R. C. Kaiser, M. Presser, A. Buzzi, S. Appa Rao, A. V. N. Schuhly, W., Antiplasmodial and leishmanicidal activity of biflavonoids from Indian Selaginella bryopteris, Phytochem. Lett, 2008, 1, 171-174. 

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