Legislation: Austria

Some member states in the EU like Germany, Austria and Denmark have in addition implemented stricter legislation than EU and restrict the marketing of leather products containing PCP and its salt and esters. 

At the member state level, some countries, such as the Netherlands, a pioneer in the protection of soil, have their own national policies and regulations for the management of contaminated soils that were adopted before the Soil Framework Directive [132], Protection guidelines vary from country to country, and specific legislation for soil contamination only exists for some member states, including the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, France, Belgium, Germany, the UK, Denmark, Spain and Finland [128],... 

Environmental limits or guidelines for the pulp and paper industry vary significantly between European countries, despite efforts to create a more uniform system [5]. As an example the discharge limits for bleached Kraft and bleached sulphite pulp are given in Table 3. In some countries, such as Austria or France, there is different legislation depending on the type of paper mill. Normally, the most restrictive corresponds to the bleached Kraft pulp. In other countries, such as Ireland, there are no requirements or limits for some parameters. 

Biologist and earth scientist. Researcher in plant physiology at the University of Vienna until 1991 (specialised in photosynthesis research, simulation of plant bio-productivity). Over 60 publications on environmental issues. 1992 invited speaker at the Alpbach Forum 1996 winner of the grand Austrian Environment Award (of Lower Austria) top-notch journalist on environmental issues admission to the "Austrian Scientific Forum for Environment Protection", board member since 2001. Director of the Chemicals Policy Division of the BMLFUW since the end of September 1997 fields of activity legislation on chemical substances at the national, European and UN levels. Scientific and technical risk assessment of substances and products, best practice diffusion for the production and application of chemical products. 

Any national deviation from EC legislation under national law must be notified to the European Commission, which may decide against the legislation. In these cases, the European Court of Justice may make the final decision on application of legal principles. Several Member States have taken regulatory measures beyond any enacted at the EU level. Cases include (i) Austria s ban on polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) (ii) the Netherlands ban on mercury in thermometers and Denmark s near-total ban on all uses of lead. In some instances, the European Commission has challenged the action of a Member State [251]. The most famous case was when Sweden banned trichloroethylene (TCE). The European Court of Justice held that Sweden was entitled to the ban because proportionality was respected through a system of authorisations [252],... 

Legislation (PEECL), Umweltbundesamt (Austrian Federal Environment Agency), Chemical LegislationbEuropean Enforcemnet Network, Austria, 2002. 

At present the main areas of the world in which catalysts are required on motorcycles by legislation are Europe (Switzerland and Austria) and Taiwan. In Germany, many motorcycles are fitted with catalyst on a voluntary basis. 

EEA) on 1.1.1994. The importance of this event in this context is that the EFTA countries agreed to adopt the EU food legislation in their own law. In the meantime Austria, Einland and Sweden have joined the European Union on 1.1.1995 and on 1.5.2004, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia and Slovenia. 

Though tough, we were lad that a compromise appeared to have been reached, avoiding a division of the common automobile market. However, the continuing reservation more than one year later, of its position by Denmark and the apparent unwillingness so far of Sweden, Switzerland and Austria to recognise the EC proposal - be it only as an alternative to their national legislation - is a cause for concern. 

New chemical notification schemes vary considerably between countries, but many base the studies for full notification on the OECD minimum pre-maiketing set of data (MPD) the EC, certain EFTA countries, Australia and the imminent Canadian scheme (See Table 34.1). Only a few studies additional to the EC Base Set are needed fw full notification in Austria and Switzerland. Chemical control legislation in Scandinavia is in the iwocess of being changed, in order to achieve the intended harmonization by 1 January 1995 of chemical control legislation between the EC and 6 of the EFTA countries under the new European Economic Area (EEA). The EC notification scheme will have been updated by then, under the Seventh Amendment Council Directive 92/32/EEC [12], which was brought into force by 31 October 1993. Thus the current Finnish new chemicals notification scheme will be modified to confoim exactly to that of Council Directive 92 2/EEC as from 31 October 1993, and the proposed notification schemes for Norway and Sweden will also have to be in harmony with the EC. 

The Austrian Chemicals Law of 1987, which does not apply to H oducts regulated by other legislation, requires notification of new chemical substances, and regulations implementing this were issued in 1989. The notification system is similar to the former Sixth Amendment EC scheme of Council Directive 79/831/EEC. [22]. In due course the Austrian notification scheme will in principle become harmonized with the updated Seventh Amendment EC scheme of Council Directive 92/32/EEC [12], because Austria is one of the 6 EFTA countries participating in the agreement with the EC to form the EEA. 

Austria, by contrast, had a state monopoly over military propellants and explosives, which was administered from 1908 by the Powder Department (7P) of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial War Ministry. This was the one area of artillery munitions not placed under thecompetence of the War Ministry s Inspector of Technical Artillery (ITA) in 1912, in the wake of the first Balkan war, which led to legislation enabling the War Ministry to assume control over the economy during a war emergency. While the ITA attempted to modernize the artillery and set up a network of civilian contractors to supplement the state arsenals, the production of military propellants remained concentrated in a few locations - principally the Blumau state powder factory near Wiener Neustadt, which was not known for its efficiency. But until the outbreak of war in 1914, the Powder Department apparently saw no need to utilize civilian firms such as the Dynamit-Nobel AG in Poszony (today Bratislava). ... 

Other European jurisdictions with legislation and regulations for production and uses of lead paints included Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland. 

In short, the material to be recycled and the enforced legislation are determinants for the choice of the collection system. In the United States, Australia, France, Austria and Switzerland, different fractions of post-consumer plastics are collected in the most homogeneous way possible. 

In Germany, state and local authorities continue to enforce stricter SO2 limits (200 mg m is common) where special problems exist The European Conununity (EC) has enacted legislation that asks its memhers to adopt limits similar to the Gennan GFAVO. FGD systems were installed rapidly in Austria, Denmark, Holland, and Turkey. Italy and the U.K. followed shortly thoe fter. Even before the... 

The effectiveness of landfills aeration has been tested in various countries around the world both in Europe (Germany, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland), North America (USA) and Asia (Japan, Malaysia) for more than 20 years. Different technical solutions, which vary primarily in the method of oxygen supply to the landfill, have been used. The selection of a relevant solution depends mainly on the final intention of its application, landfill construction, available financial resources, and legislation. In Europe, aeration is usually applied as a method for an acceleration of old landfill stabilization, commenced when the landfill gas production becomes insufficient for profitable energy recovery. Such an activity shortens the period of the residual gas production. This gas is usually released to the atmosphere because of problems with its combustion. The accelerated stabilization of waste, by a few-week aeration, is also used as the initial phase preeeding of landfill mining. It allows to obtain an evident improvement in sanitary eonditions before the workers will enter. 

---