Leather upper

A method of manufacturing footwear by simultaneously forming and vulcanising the rubber sole and heel direct to a leather upper, as compared to moulding the unit separately and sticking it to the upper. 

A leather belt was still in place on the body and was fastened with a metal buckle and keeper. Both of these were cast in a nonferrous alloy and were originally plated with a copper alloy. The leather was in good condition, being intact but lacking flexibility due to burial. The metal had corroded to form a corrosion crust that was consistent with burial duration and conditions. The shoes were intact, consisting of leather uppers, synthetic sole and containing the remains of dyed cotton socks and the small bones of the foot. 

Phenylmercuric acetate, 0.01% aqua, 0.05% petrolatum. Preservative in polishes 0.05% petrolatum, may cause irritant patch-test reactions Octylisothiazolinone, 0.025% petrolatum. Biocide in leather uppers... 

SATRA-Preparation of leather uppers (1963) SATRA Bull 10(17) 229 (May issue)... 

Sintering has been used to produce a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (16). Cellulose sponges are the most familiar cellular polymers produced by the leaching process (123). Sodium sulfate crystals are dispersed in the viscose symp and subsequently leached out. Polyethylene (124) or poly(vinyl chloride) can also be produced in cellular form by the leaching process. The artificial leather-tike materials used for shoe uppers are rendered porous by extraction of salts (125) or by designing the polymers in such a way that they precipitate as a gel with many holes (126). 

The fiber stmcture is very fine near the surface of the skin and this fine stmcture imparts a silky feel to the leather. The smaller the animal of a given species the finer the surface fibers. The value of the skin or hide is then dependent in part on this smoothness (2). Calfskin leathers are smoother and have a silkier feel than cattle hide leathers. Calfskin leather is used in the shoe uppers of high quahty, expensive men s and women s shoes, and specialty items. 

Splitting. In most modem large tanneries that make upholstery leather, and in some that make shoe uppers leather, the hides are spHt in the lime condition. In splitting the hides are cut to the desired thickness with a horizontal belt knife. The hides are fed into the machine grain up. The clearance between the grain and the blade is maintained by a series of narrow rollers supported by a mbber roUer underneath the spacing roUers. The grain layer is then cut to the thickness desired to an accuracy of about 0.1 mm. 

The chrome tanning is one step in a compHcated series of leather operations leading from the raw hide to the finished products. Chrome tanning is the most important tannage for all hides except heavy catde hides, which are usually vegetable tanned. In heavy shoe uppers and soles, a chrome tanned leather is frequently given a vegetable retan to produce chrome retan leather. 

Fahlleder, n. russet leather (for uppers), fahlrot, a. fawn, pale yellowish-brown. FahlsteiOf m. pale gray slate, fahnden, v.t. i. search for, search. 

Vor-schub, m. assistance, furtherance (Mech.) feed, feeding advance, lead, -schuh, m. upper leather, vamp, -schule, /. preparatory school primer, -schuss, m. advance (of money). 

The Germanakos SA tannery near Athens in Greece was founded in 1978. Today it produces good quality upper leather from cattle hides, processing 2200 t/yr and with an annual turnover of 2007 USD 11 million and a staff14 of 65. 

The injection-compression process is an important variation in which rubber is injected into a partly closed mould under low pressure used for moulding-on of rubber soles to footwear uppers. Rubber is injected into a gap between the shoe upper and the sole plate, which is held 3-4 mm wider than it would be in its final position. After injection at the first mould station of a multistation machine the sole plate is closed in the manner of compression moulding at the second mould station and rubber is pressed along the sole and over the toe cap. The importance of the process is that it becomes possible to mould without using normal high injection pressures which tear and distort canvas, leather or synthetic uppers. 

Ammonium sulfate occurs in trace concentrations in the upper atmosphere. It is widely used as a fertilizer for rice and other crops. It is a source of sulfur for the soil. It is also used as an additive to supply nutrient nitrogen in fermentation processes (e.g., yeast production from molasses). It also is used for fireproofing timber and plastics, and in treatment of hides, and leather production. 

Horse Hides.—The skins of these most useful animals are much inferior to those of oxen in thickness, texture, and strength, and, consequently, they are never prepared with the view of makfng soh leather, though (he better quality is used when tanned for uppers. The chief... 

POROMER1C. A term coined to describe the microporosity, air permeability, and water and abrasion resistance of natural and synthetic leather. The pores decrease in diameter from the inner surface to the outer and thus permit air and water vapor lo leave lire material while excluding water from the outside. Polyester-reinforced urethane resins have been used as leather substitutes with some success, primarily for shoe uppers. 

Fatty substances are usually present in unstuffed leathers to the extent of 0 2-1% or, at the most, 1 5%, except with certain hides, such as those of the sheep and boar, in which 3-6% may occur. Lightly oiled leathers may contain about 3% of fats, and those greased, for belting and boot-uppers, contain fat in varying quantity, which may reach and even exceed 30-35%. 

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