Leather industry, application enzymes

Application of pancratic enzymes in the leather industry for the bating of hides. Rohm... 

Proteases are enzymes that break down protein molecules through peptide bond hydrolysis [1]. They are commercially employed in many industrial processes. In foods, proteases have two main applications in the processing of traditional food products and in the processing of new protein-based ingredients called functional foods [2]. Proteases are also used in other industrial segments such as leather industry, pharmaceutical, waste management, and the detergent industry. Currently, microbial proteases make up approximately 40% of total enzyme sales [3, 4]. 

Industrial applications represent more than 80% of the global market of enzymes. A distinction should be made between those cases in which the enzymatic conversion of the raw material into the product is the key operation and those in which the enzyme is used as an additive to modify certain functional property of the product. In the first case the enzymatic reaction is carried out in a controlled environment at optimized conditions with respect to the catalytic potential of the enzyme, while in the second case conditions for enzyme action are not specified to optimize its activity and sometimes not even controlled. Examples of the first case are the production of high-fructose syrups with immobilized glucose isomerase and the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from penicillin G with immobilized penicillin acylase examples of the second case are the use of fungal proteases in dough making and the use of pancreatin in leather bating. Most conventional uses of enzymes refer to... 

The application of enzymes in food processing, in the paper and leather industries, as additives in washing powders, and in the desizing process of cotton is well established. However, biocatalysis has also entered textile processing. Enzymes, biocatalysts with specific and selective activity, are today produced by biotechnological processes in great amounts and constant quality, and are therefore applicable to large-scale processes. 

Recently, a review on commercial proteases has been published stating the wide range of protease application but leather industry is one of the main application areas in it (Li et al., 2013). Although studies on the use of enzymes for various stages of leather processing are numerous, the commercial production and application of enz3mies in the leather industry is limited. In limited commercial enzyme products, the process, called enzyme-assisted process, needs either lime or sulphide in addition to the enzyme. All the commercial enzymatic products with their company name are summarized in Table 9.6. 

The Eprs of B. subtilis and related bacilli are also very relevant for commercial applications. In particular, these enzymes are employed in the manufacture of detergents, tanning of leather, management of industrial and household wastes, bioprocessing of X-ray or photographic films for the recovery of silver, protein hydrolysate preparation in the food industry, synthesis of aspartame, and other applications [102]. Recently, the fibrinolytic activity of Vpr was discovered. Accordingly, Vpr has the potential to work as a thrombolytic agent in medical applications [103, 104]. 

Application of Enzymes in the Detergent, Textile, Leather, Paper, Animal Feed, Baking, and Aicohoi Industries... 

Table 1 Applications of enzymes in the detergent, textile, leather, paper and pulp, and alcohol industries ...

General information. Glutaraldehyde is a 5-carbon dialdehyde that has seen extensive use in industrial water treatment applications. In addition to its use as a biocide in oil and gas operations, it is also used in cooling water, paper making, and preservative applications, medical instrument sterilization, and as a non-biocidal crosslinker for leather. X-ray films, and enzyme immobilization. It is often used in oilfield applications in combination with other non-oxidizing biocides such as QAC s and formaldehyde and is compatible with the oxidizing biocides typically used in cooling water applications. 

Processed phospholipids ( special lecithins ) are used in the manufacturing of paints, leather, and numerous foods such as bakery goods, chocolate, margarines, etc. Derivatized phospholipids also have specific applications in pharmaceuticals and personal care products [60]. Although several chemical and physical modifications of lecithins have been adopted by industry [61], there is a clear scope for the application of enzymes to the transformation of... 

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