Sulfur dioxide leaks

Organic fluorine as a separate industry that began in the late 1920s with the discovery by Midgle of fluorocarbons for use as refrigerants. Ammonia was unsuitable because of the hazard and unpleasant smell from minute leaks. Sulfur dioxide had similar problems. The best refrigerant was... 

When possible, leaking containers or receptacles can be vented to a lime or caustic soda solution. The reduction in pressure that results from venting will slow the leak, and may permit stopping it. Water should never be sprayed at or into a tank or system that is leaking sulfur dioxide. The presence of water causes sulfur dioxide to be very corrosive, and water directed into a tank would also increase the venting rate. 

Cracking was caused by stress-corrosion cracking (see Chap. 9, Stress-Corrosion Cracking ) involving hydrogen sulfide and/or moist sulfur dioxide. The sulfur entered the cooling water stream through process leaks, which were repaired. 

Is continuous leak detection, using area chlorine/sulfur dioxide monitors, provided in storage and process areas ... 

What if a chlorine/sulfur dioxide leak is not detected ... 

Even minor residual emissions from the Onahama smelter are treated. The tail gases from the acid plants are scrubbed with caustic soda to reduce the final sulfur dioxide concentration to about 20 ppm. The converter building is enclosed to prevent escape to the atmosphere of untreated gases that leak from the furnaces. Leaking gases are collected as close to the sources as possible and are scrubbed in a limerock tower before release. Virtually all of the sulfur dioxide from the smelter is reportedly contained (32). 

Determination of sulfur dioxide removal efficiency and particulate, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emission rates Determination of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and diluent emissions from stationary gas turbines Determination of volatile organic compound leaks... 

Leaks of sulfur dioxide may be detected by passing a rag dampened with aqueous NH3 over the suspected valve or fitting. White fumes indicate escaping SO2 gas. To respond to a release, use appropriate protective equipment and clothing. Positive pressure air-supplied respiratory protection is required. Close cylinder valve and ventilate area. Remove cylinder to a fume hood or remote area if it cannot be shut off. If in liquid form, allow to vaporize. 

Batteries for implantable medical devices are hermetically sealed. Hermetic seals have long been used for certain cell types, like lithium-sulfur dioxide and lithium-thionyl chloride, where long shelf life is important, or exposure to corrosive and toxic materials could result if the cell leaks. 

By the time of the 1920 s decade the mechanical refrigerator had been developed to the point that it resembled closely the machine as we know it today. There was, however, one very serious drawback. The refrigerants available for use in those machines were such chemical compounds as ethylene, ammonia and sulfur dioxide. The machines of that time frequently leaked and discharged flammable, noxious and otherwise unpleasant gases to the consternation of the unsuspecting housewife. 

The continuous presence of the sharp, irritating odor of ammonia is evidence of a leak. Leaks of ammonia can be located by allowing fumes from an open bottle of hydrochloric acid (from a squeeze bottle of sulfuric acid or from a sulfur dioxide aerosol container) to come in contact with leaking ammonia vapor. This produces a dense fog. Leaks may also be detected with moist phenolphthalein or litmus paper. Sulfur tapes for detecting ammonia leaks are not recommended. When there is a leak around an ammonia container valve stem, it usually can be corrected by tightening the packing gland nut, which has a counter-clockwise thread. 

Leaks, Only personnel trained for and designated to handle emergencies should attempt to stop a leak. Respiratory equipment of a type suitable for sulfur dioxide must be worn. All persons not so equipped must leave the affected area until the leak has been stopped. 

A sulfur dioxide container exposed to a fire should be removed from the area. If for any reason it cannot be removed, the container should be kept cool with a water spray until well after the fire is out. Fire fighting personnel should be equipped with protective clothing and respiratory equipment. For further information regarding handling leaks and emergencies, see the North American Emergency Response Guidebook [16]. 

A leak in an ammonia system can be detected by odor. The location of the leak may be determined with moist red litmus paper, moist filter paper impregnated with phenolphthalein, or by detection instruments. These chemical test papers change color in ammonia vapor. Other means of detection involve the use of sulfur dioxide, which forms a white fog in contact with ammonia vapor. 

A leak in a sulfur dioxide system can be detected by odor, or sulfur dioxide sensors may be used as an alarm in case of leaks in areas where there are no personnel. A small leak can be lo-... 

---