Lead-acid cells negative electrodes

The lead-acid cell can be represented schematically as having a negative electrode of porous lead (lead sponge) and a positive electrode of lead dioxide, Pb02, both immersed in an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid ... 

Fig. 5.7 Interleaving of positive and negative electrode groups (elements) to form a lead-acid cell...

The potential/pH diagram in Fig. 2.1 shows that the lead—acid cell is thermodynamically unstable on open circuit. Processes of self-discharge proceed on the two electrodes as a result of which water decomposes to H2 and O2, and discharge reactions commence at the positive and negative plates as follows ... 

Axion Power International Inc. has developed a PbC capacitor battery, as shown in Figure 1.34. The full technical description of Axion s proprietary PbC technology is a multi-celled asymmetrically supercapacitive lead-acid-carbon hybrid battery. Like a lead-acid battery, the PbC battery consists of a series of cells. Within the individual cells, however, the construction is more complex. Whereas the negative electrodes in lead-acid batteries are simple sponge lead plates, the negative electrodes in a PbC battery are five-layer assemblies that consist of a carbon electrode, a corrosion barrier, a current collector, a second corrosion barrier, and a second carbon electrode. These electrode assemblies are then sandwiched together with conventional separators and positive electrodes to make the PbC battery, which is filled with an acid electrolyte, sealed and connected in series to the other cells [11]. 

Three years later, Nguyen and White presented a model of a hermetically sealed lead-acid cell [63]. They studied the effect of having an excess negative electrode and the transport rate of oxygen across the separator on the oxygen evolution at the positive electrode... 

FIGURE 24,5 Exploded view of typical thin, flat sealed lead-acid cell. Metal plates, each approximately 0.3 mm thick, are laminated with special resin films to negative and positive electrode plates, both physically and electrically. They are then fused to a resin frame by a pressurized thermal bonding process. ( Courtesy of Panasonic Industrial Co.)... 

Element The negative and positive electrodes together with the separators of a single cell. It is used almost exclusively in describing lead-acid cells and batteries. 

The characteristic of the lead-acid battery is that both electrodes are based on the chemistry of lead. The discharge-charge process is known as the double sulfate reaction, with the positive and negative electrodes being the seats of a dissolving-precipitating (and not some kind of solid-state ion transport or film formation) mechanism of the lead sulfate. The cell, the electrode reactions and the cell reaction are ... 

The anode, cathode, and overall cell reactions during discharge of a lead-acid battery are Anode (negative electrode) Pb + SO/ -> PbS04 + 2e (26.170)... 

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