Axion Power International

Axion Power International (USA) has replaced entirely the negative plates of VRLABs with carbon super-capacitor plates [80]. CSIRO and Furukawa Battery have developed and tested a battery (called the Ultra Battery) with negative plates comprising half regular lead plate and half carbon super-capacitor plate [81]. 

Axion Power International Inc. has developed a PbC capacitor battery, as shown in Figure 1.34. The full technical description of Axion s proprietary PbC technology is a multi-celled asymmetrically supercapacitive lead-acid-carbon hybrid battery. Like a lead-acid battery, the PbC battery consists of a series of cells. Within the individual cells, however, the construction is more complex. Whereas the negative electrodes in lead-acid batteries are simple sponge lead plates, the negative electrodes in a PbC battery are five-layer assemblies that consist of a carbon electrode, a corrosion barrier, a current collector, a second corrosion barrier, and a second carbon electrode. These electrode assemblies are then sandwiched together with conventional separators and positive electrodes to make the PbC battery, which is filled with an acid electrolyte, sealed and connected in series to the other cells [11]. 

Axion Power International. Available at http //www.axionpower.com/PbC battery (retrieved December 23, 2013). 

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