Lawrence process

G. M. Reistad, paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd UN Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, Vol. 1, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, San Erancisco, 1975, pp. 2155—2164 "Analysis of the Economic Potential of Solar Thermal Energy to Provide Industrial Process Heat," U.S. ERDN Contract, EY-No-C-02-2829, Intertechnology Corp., 1977. 

In two processes under development as of 1997, the sulfur dioxide stream reacts with reduciag gas over a proprietary catalyst to form elemental sulfur. Both processes have achieved a sulfur recovery of 96% ia a single reactor. Multiple reactor systems are expected to achieve 99+% recovery of the feed sulfur. The direct sulfur recovery process (DSRP), under development at Research Triangle Institute, operates at high temperature and pressure. A similar process being developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is expected to operate near atmospheric pressure. 

John Newman, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Principle Investigator, Inorganic Materials Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)... 

FIG. 10-40 Vertical process pump for dry-pit mounting. Coutiesif of Lawrence Pumps, Inc.)... 

Edwards, D. W., D. Lawrence, and A. G. Rushton (1996). Quantifying the Inherent Safety of Chemical Process Routes. 5th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, July 14-18,1996, San Diego, CA, Paper 52d. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Edwards, D. W., and D. Lawrence (1995). Inherent Safety Assessment of Chemical Process Routes. The i995 IChemE Research Event, First Eur. Conf Young Res. Chem. Eng., 62-64. Rugby, UK The Institution of Chemical Engineers. 

Unidentified Inhibitors. Many reports have been published relative to inhibitory responses which were obtained with extracts of plant tissue or from products associated with decomposition processes. For the most part, the inhibitory responses have been noted, but the inhibitors have not been identified chemically. Garb 48) tabulated approximately 25 references in which inhibitors were reported but were not characterized. These will not be relisted here. Uncharacterized inhibitors have also been reportd by Le Tourneau et al. 91), Patrick and Koch 112), Lapusan 85), Guenzi and Mc-Calla 63), Lawrence and Kilcher 86), Grodzinskii et al. 60), Brown 24), Patrick et al. 114), and Hoveland 73). 

Carr, J. W., 2001, Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Processing for Damage-Free Optics and Surfaces, Engineering Research Development and Technology -FY-99. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, p. 3 1... 

Edwards, D.W. Lawrence, D. (1993) Assessingthe Inherent Safety ofChemical Process Routes Is There a Relation between Plant Costs and Inherent Safety Transactions of the Institute ofChemical Engineers, 71(B), 252-258. 

Health and Safety Manual, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1991-1996 Lange s Handbook of Chemistry, JA Dean, J Dean, McGraw Hill, 13th edition, 1985 Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, FP Leed, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) CD-ROM, Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka, 1995 (subscription)... 

Principe, Lawrence M. "The gold process directions in the study of Robert Boyle s alchemy." In Alchemy revisited, ed. Z.R.W.M. von Marties, 200-205. Leiden Brill, 1990. 

Lawrence, J.A., Buster, A.A. Computer Process Interface, Chemical Engineering, June 26, 1972, p. 

Oldenburg C., Pruess K., et al. Process modeling of C02 injection into natural gas reservoirs from carbon sequestration and enhanced gas recovery. 1995 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report, LBNL 94720. 

Lawrence, J.F. and D.F. Weber. 1984b. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Canadian samples of processed vegetable and dairy products by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 32 794-797. 

POZONE A process for making ozone. Elemental phosphorus is emulsified in water at above 45°C and air passed through. This generates ozone and orthophosphoric acid developed at the Lawrence Berkeley Labortatory, Berkeley, CA. 

Allan, R. J. (1994). Transport and Fate of Persistent Toxic Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems the Niagara River to St. Lawrence River Estuary Example. In Hydrological, Chemical a. Biological Processes of Transformation a. Transport of Contaminants in Aquatic Environments, Proc. of the Rostov-on-Don symposium. May 1993, IAHS Publication, 219, pp. 21-32. 

Another widely used safety analysis method in process industry is the Hazard and Operability Analysis, better known as Hazop (Kletz, 1992). The conventional Hazop is developed to identify probable process disturbances when complete process and instrumentation diagrams are available. Therefore it is not very applicable to conceptual process design. Kletz has also mentioned a Hazop of a flowsheet, which can be used in preliminary process design, but it is not widely used. More usable method in preliminary process design is PIIS (Edwards and Lawrence, 1993), which has been developed to select safe process routes. 

Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have developed a Prototype Index of Inherent Safety (PIIS) for process design. The inherent safety index is intended for analysing the choice of process route i.e. the raw materials used and the sequence of the reaction steps. This method is very reaction oriented and does not consider properly the other parts of the process even they usually represent the majority of equipment. 

Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have presented a list of sixteen chemical and physical properties and process parameters which are available at the process route selection stage (Table 5). Seven of these sixteen parameters were included to their index method (PUS). The selected parameters concentrate very much on the chemical process route and chemistry. They have also tested their selection by an expert judgement, which gave support to their work (Edwards et al., 1996). 

Table 5 illustrates inherent safety parameters and the selection of them by Edwards and Lawrence (1993) and Heikkila et al. (1996). E.g. inventory has been chosen by both. It is relative to the capacity of a process and residence times (hold-up s) in vessels. It has a large effect on the degree of hazard and it should be kept small by intensification. 

Lawrence, D. 1996. Quantifying Inherent Safety of Chemical Process Routes, Ph. D. Thesis. Loughborough Loughborough University. 

Rushton, A. G., Edwards, D. W., Lawrence, D. 1994. Inherent Safety and Computer Aided Process Design. Trans IChemE, Vol. 72, Part B, pp. 83-87. 

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