Linden, Tilia

Linden (Tilia) honey is one of the very best kinds and is highly valued for its exceptional flavor. 

Nonanoic acid (362) isolated from the bark of linden Tilia cordata (Tiliaceae) possessed strong antifeedant activity against the pine weevil, H. abietis,157 Several other long-chain acids were also tested for their antifeedant activity.158 However, high activities were restricted to the smaller chain length, C-6-C-10, acids with nonanoic acid still the most active. Similarly, only the shorter 2-methyl branched alkanoic acids (up to C-10 chain length) were active as antifeedants. The C-9 alcohol, 1-nonanol (363), was also active.158... 

The specimens were treated according to the method of Nakagami and coworkers [17,18]. Japanese linden Tilia japonica Smik.) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride and the fatty acids (TFAA method), which included acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, and palmitic acid. Dynamic measurements were made with a torsion pendulum apparatus under a vacuum. An increasing temperature rate was 2°C/min. The amount of introduced side chain per gram of wood is about 4-6 mmol/g [16]. The chemical structure of the treated wood is presented by the formula ... 

Figure 16 shows relationships between the number of introduced side chains and relaxation rigidity (G,) at 900 s for carboxymethylated wood binding various metal ions [341. Wood specimens were prepared from Japanese linden Tilia japonica Smik.). Carboxymethylation and the introduction of metal ions was the same procedure as mentioned in the previous section [32,33]. Stress relaxation measurements were carried out in an aqueous solution at 30°C. The relaxational property of carboxymethylated wood without metal ions is first discussed. For carboxymethylated wood (a broken line in Fig. 16), Gf (900) decreases with an increase in the number of introduced side chain. This rapid decrease appears to be caused by two factors. One is the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Young s modulus of wood treated with an aqueous solution of NaOH decreases remarkably under wet conditions, especially at concentrations above 10% NaOH [35]. The other factor is the electrostatic repulsion of ionized carboxymethyl groups in carboxymethylated wood, as mentioned in the above section [291. For example, conformation of polypeptide is influenced by the ionization of the side chains, and the structural change of the helix-coil transition has been interpreted as a reversible transformation. Theoretical treatment of the transformation has been reported to explain the mechanism [23-25, 36-43]. The conformation of component molecules in wood, however, cannot change markedly by ionization in comparison with soluble polyelectrolytes in water, because carboxymethylated wood is not dissolved in water. Only space among the main chains is expanded by the electrostatic repulsion due to negatively charged side chains. For these reasons, G (900) of carboxymethylated wood decreases with an increase in the number of introduced side chains.

Lily-of-the-valley. Convallaria Linden, Tilia Lobelia, Lobelia... 

Linden Tilia europaea (Lime Tree Flowers)... 

Lime pyrolignite. See Calcium acetate Lime saltpeter. See Calcium nitrate Lime, slaked. See Calcium hydroxide Limestone. See Calcium carbonate Lime sulfur. See Calcium polysulfide Lime-tree extract. See Linden (Tilia americana) extract Linden (Tilia cordata) extract Linden (Tilia vulgaris) extract Lime water. See Calcium hydroxide Limnanthes alba. See Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seed oil (-)-Limonene. See l-Limonene (+)-Limonene. See d-Limonene d-Limonene... 

Linden extract. See Linden (Tilia americana) extract . Linden (Tilia cordata) extract Linden (Tilia vulgaris) extract Linden flowers CAS 977009-77-0 FEMA 2647... 

Levulinic acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) oil Linden (Tilia americana) extract Linseed (Linum usitassimum) extract Liver extract... 

Other prolific sap producers are linden Tilia sp.) and dogwood (Cornus sp.). 

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