Latitude temperature

Goericke, R., and B. Fry. 1994. Variations of marine plankton 813C with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8(l) 85-90. 

The vapor pressure of volatile compounds, measured in atmospheres (or millimeters of mercury), varies with temperature. For example, the vapor pressure of acetone increases from 200 to 400 mmHg with a temperature rise from +20 to +40 °C, and that of w-heptane from 100 to 400 mmHg with a temperature change from +40 to +80 °C (e.g. Adams et ah, 1970). The half-lives of several acetates decreased by two- to fourfold when the temperature was raised from 20 to 30 °C (McDonough etal., 1989). In temperate latitudes, temperatures can vary from about 40 to 0 °C within 24 hours. Therefore, it is important to know the vapor pressure of a given compound for the ambient temperatures under which a particular animal species operates. Diurnal and nocturnal animals may have selected different signal compounds (or mixtures). Do polar and tropical species differ in their choice of compounds for communication. Have cold-climate... 

Godfrey JD (1962) The deuterium content of hydrous minerals from the East Central Sierra Nevada and Yosemite National Park. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 26 1215-1245 Goericke R, Fry B (1994) Variations of marine plankton 6 C with latitude, temperature and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean. Global Geochem Cycles 8 85-90 Goldhaber MB, Kaplan IR (1974) The sedimentary sulfur cycle. In Goldberg EB (ed) The sea, vol. 4. WUey, New York... 

Model Date Latitude Temperature Wind Speed... 

The earlier works by Mague et al. (1974 1977), Venrick (1974), and Kimor (1978) attempted to define some of the environmental factors and conditions that control the N2 fixation activity and distribution of DDA populations. Some have argued that distribution and activity is largely controUed by latitude, temperature, nutrients (i.e., iron, phosphorous), and wind stress for the other co-occurring cyanobacteria. 

X 10 M in polar regions) [99,111]. This trend can largely be explained in terms of latitudinal gradients in temperature and UVR, both of which decrease with increasing latitude. Temperature inversely affects rates, in part, because apparent quantum yields for the photoproduction of H2O2 decrease nearly two-fold per 10°C decrease in temperature [99,112]. This temperature depend-... 

On the other hand, the increase of surface air temperature in the tropics is considerably less because convective processes spread the CO2-induced surface heating throughout the model troposphere. Therefore, much less heating is available for increasing the surface air temperature there. In fact. Fig. 6 indicates that, at low latitudes, temperature increases more in the upper troposphere than at the surface. This is due to increased heat release through condensation by more vigorous convection which occurs in the upper tropospheric levels of the tropics. 

The constant, 0.00256 (0.613), reflects the mass density of air for the standard atmosphere (59°F (15 °C) at sea level pressure, 29.92 in. of mercury (101.325 kPa)). The constant is calculated by Vi Pair/g where pair is the density of air and g is the aeeeleration due to gravity. The mass density of the air will vary as fiinetion of altitude, latitude, temperature, weather, or season. This eonstant may be varied to suit the aetual conditions if they are known with certainty. See ASCE/SEI 7-10. 

The desert is not neeessarily made only of sand. Sometimes it consists of rocks, gravel, and soil of finer consistency than sand. Thus deserts are classified into roek deserts, sand deserts, gravel deserts, and soil deserts, depending upon eomposition. In the low- to mid-latitudes, temperature is high and temperature variation in a year or in a day is quite large. In fact, a daily temperature diflferenee ean be on the order of 40°C. 

But as the polar albedo begins to fall, the polar temperature rises more rapidly. The sensitivity of the polar temperature to a change in P depends on the angle of intersection between an L line and the a(T) cmve, the sensitivity increasing as the angle becomes more acute. So as the state shifts toward the L line tangent to the albedo curve, it is inevitable that the polar temperature eventually rises faster than the low latitude temperature, and it makes sense to speak of polar amplification of the greenhouse effect. 

A barometer located at an elevation above sea level will show a reading lower than a barometer at sea level by an amount approximately 2.5 mm (0.1 in) for each 30.5 m (100 ft) of elevation. A closer approximation can be made by reference to the following tables, which take into account (1) the effect of altitude of the station at which the barometer is read, (2) the mean temperature of the air column extending from the station down to sea level, (3) the latitude of the station at which the barometer is read, and (4) the reading of the barometer corrected for its temperature, a correction which is applied only to mercurial barometers since the aneroid barometers are compensated for temperature effects. 

Example. A barometer which has been corrected for its temperature reads 650 mm at a station whose altitude is 1350 m above sea level and at a latitude of 30°. The mean temperature (outdoor temperature) at the station is 20°C. 

In other work, the impact of thermal processing on linewidth variation was examined and interpreted in terms of how the resist s varying viscoelastic properties influence acid diffusion (105). The authors observed two distinct behaviors, above and below the resist film s glass transition. For example, a plot of the rate of deprotection as a function of post-exposure processing temperature show a change in slope very close to the T of the resist. Process latitude was improved and linewidth variation was naininiized when the temperature of post-exposure processing was below the film s T. 

Although examples in the Kureha patent Hterature indicate latitude in selecting hold times for the low and high temperature polymerization periods, the highest molecular weight polymers seem to be obtained for long polymerization times. The addition of water to PPS polymerizations has been reported to effect polymer stabilization (49), to improve molecular weight (50,51), to cause or enhance the formation of a second Hquid phase in the reaction mixture (52), and to help reprecipitate PPS from NMP solution (51). It has also been reported that water can be added under pressure in the form of steam (53). 

Sulfur as an Additive for Asphalt. Sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) binders are formulated by replacing some of the asphalt cement (AC) in conventional binders with sulfur. Binders that have sulfur asphalt weight ratios as high as 50 50 have been used, but most binders contain about 30 wt % sulfur. Greater latitude in design is possible for SEA paving materials, which are three-component systems, whereas conventional asphalt paving materials are two-component systems. Introduction of sulfur can provide some substantial benefits. At temperatures above 130°C, SEA binders have lower viscosities than conventional asphalt. The lower viscosity enables the plant to produce and compact the mix at lower temperatures than with conventional... 

The mechanical and electrical properties of selected high strength aUoys in cast and wrought forms are provided in Table 5. A similar compilation for the high conductivity aUoys is given in Table 6. The mechanical properties shown in the tables correspond to standard hardening times and temperatures and therefore are close to peak conditions. Considerable latitude exists for achieving a wide variety of special mechanical and electrical property combinations. 

The outstanding performance characteristics of the resins are conveyed by the bisphenol A moiety (toughness, rigidity, and elevated temperature performance), the ether linkages (chemical resistance), and the hydroxyl and epoxy groups (adhesive properties and formulation latitude, or reactivity with a wide variety of chemical curing agents) (see also Phenolic resins). 

A further factor affecting k- is the air-sea temperature difference. When the sea is colder than the air above it, the enhanced solubility of the gas in the water (relative to the air temperature) tends to increase kj. This will occur in summer in sub-polar waters and over upwelling regions. The opposite is also found, and much of the ocean equatorward of 45"" latitude is colder than the overlying air for much of the year. However, air-sea temperature differences are generally less than 2-3 "C so that this effect results in a less than 10% modulation of k- on average. 

The test conditions as noted above may over-estimate the rise in temperature during actual operation.. Some latitude may therefore be considered while analysing the final results if the temperature rise thus estimated exceeds the prescribed limits only marginally. 

Because at higher latitudes the coriolis force deflects wind to a greater extent than in the tropics, winds become much more zonal (flow parallel to lines of latitude). Also in contrast to the persistent circulation of the tropics, the mid-latitude circulations are quite transient. There are large temperature contrasts, and temperature may vary abruptly over relatively short distances (frontal zones). In these regions of large temperature contrast, potential energy is frequently released and converted into kinetic energy as wind. Near the surface there are many closed pressure sys-... 

Endothermic animals can achieve and sustain levels of activity even when temperatures plummet or vary widely. This can be a huge advantage over ectothermy, especially m northern latitudes, at night, or during the winter. In colder climates, an ectothermic predator such as a snake will tend to be more sluggish and less successful than an endothermic predator. There are no reptiles or insects in the polar regions. 

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) power plants generate electricity by exploiting the difference in temperature between warm water at the ocean surface and colder waters found at ocean depths. To effectively capture this solar energy, a temperature difference of 35°F or more between surface waters and water at depths of up to 3,000 feet is required. This situation can be found in most of the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world that are in latitudes between 20 degrees north and 20 degrees south. 

Temperatures are average existing at 40 latitude and are rounded to even numbers. jNegative exponent shows number of spaces the decimal point must be moved to the left. Courtesy Ingersoil-Rand Co. 

Table 2.15 Average surface temperature of the oceans between parallels of latitude (°C)...

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