Polar amplification

For the polarizabilities chosen, polarization amplification (8-1) takes place and at any Rbc exceeds 60%, see Fig. 13.14. When the amplifier is about in the middle of the AB distance the amplification is about 60%. When the amplifier approaches the electric field source (i.e. A+), the amplification increases to about 100%. When the amplifier is close to B, it increases to about 200%. 

Fig. 13.14. Polarization amplification (S - 1 in %) on molecule B due to the mediation (three-body effect) of a polarizable molecule C (ac = 100 a.u.). The distance R = 20 a.u. The cation A+ strongly polarizes molecule C. The dipole moment induced in this way on C, creates an additional electric field on B. This leads to polarization amplification on B.

But as the polar albedo begins to fall, the polar temperature rises more rapidly. The sensitivity of the polar temperature to a change in P depends on the angle of intersection between an L line and the a(T) cmve, the sensitivity increasing as the angle becomes more acute. So as the state shifts toward the L line tangent to the albedo curve, it is inevitable that the polar temperature eventually rises faster than the low latitude temperature, and it makes sense to speak of polar amplification of the greenhouse effect. 

NPM Huck, WF Jager, B de Lange, and BL Feringa, Dynamic control and amplification of molecular chirality by circular polarized light, Science, 273 1686-1691, 1996. 

It is worth mentioning that the overall sensitivity can be modified by changing both the value of the polarization current I and the amplification value A. As a particular case, when / = 1 fiA and A= 106, the product of I and A is equal to 1, so that the Overall Sensitivity coincides with the Internal Sensitivity divided by R(T). 

Acid diffusion. Acid catalyzed resist systems are particarly noteworthy for their high sensitivity toward radiation. However it has been suggested that the amplification effect observed with catalytic resist systems is achieved only at the expense of lost resolution. Some diffusion of catalyst is necessary to achieve sufficient loss of BOC groups in order to impart sufficient difference in polarity for discriminatory film dissolution. Yet unlimited acid diffusion would result in loss of resolution. 

The AG molecule is converted to a strong acid (AH) upon absorption of a photon and the rate of this reaction is fast, with the extent of reaction being governed by the quantum effeciency of the particular acid generator and flux. The acid proton affects the desired deprotection reaction (4) with a finite rate constant. This rate is a function of the acid concentration, [H4-], the temperature and most importantly, the diffusion rate of the acid in the polymer matrix. The diffusion rate in turn, depends on the temperature and the polarity of the polymer matirx. At room temperature, the rate of this reaction is typically slow and it is generally necessary to heat the film to well above room temperature to increase reaction rates and/or diffusion to acceptable levels. The acid (H+) is regenerated (reaction 4) and continues to be available for subsequent reaction, hence the amplification nature of the system. 

In contrast to spontaneous emission, induced emission (also called stimulated emission) is coherent, i.e. all emitted photons have the same physical characteristics - they have the same direction, the same phase and the same polarization. These properties are characteristic of laser emission (L.A.S.E.R. = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). The term induced emission comes from the fact that de-excitation is triggered by the interaction of an incident photon with an excited atom or molecule, which induces emission of photons having the same characteristics as those of the incident photon. 

As host defense peptides are membrane-active molecules, safety mechanisms must be employed to avoid deleterious contacts with host cells. These mechanisms may involve the limitation of peptide activation to specific environments or niche-specific amplification. That most ct-helical peptides remain unstructured in aqueous solution and undergo conformational transitions to an activated state within hydrophobic environments supports this postulate. It has also been postulated that the order of anionic phospholipids in microbial plasma membranes likely induces optimal periodicity of polar residues within host defense peptides at the membrane surface. ... 

The value of the exchange modes of the magnetic resonance has the same order of a magnitude as triplet excitations in the dimerized state [5], These modes exist in both U- and D-AFM states. Furthermore, these modes excite by a high frequency magnetic field polarized perpendicular to easy axis. Their intensities define by the DM interactions. The spin oscillations in these modes respect to a violation of 3D AFM order along chains as well as between chains. Therefore, one can expect an amplification of their intensities under motion of boundaries between coexisting SP- and AFM states. The next experiments are necessary to make situation clear. 

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