Laser-cutting technique

The micro structured platelets, hold in a non-conducting housing, were realized by etching of metal foils and laser cutting techniques [69]. Owing to the small Nemst diffusion layer thickness, fast mass transfer between the electrodes is achievable. The electrode surface area normalized by cell volume amounts to 40 000 m m". This value clearly exceeds the specific surface areas of conventional mono- and bipolar cells of 10-100 m m. ... 

Laser Beam Machining, Fig. 3 Laser cutting techniques (a) fusion cutting, (b) oxygen cutting, (c) sublimation cutting (Kaplan 2002)... 

In the dismantling of the metallic structures and components of the plant, conventional as well as newly developed cutting techniques are applied besides mechanical techniques, others such as plasma torch and laser cutting techniques are available. By using appropriate installations, uncontrolled dissemination of radioactive particles during this work can be reliably precluded. The subsequent treatment of the dismantled parts depends both on the level and on the state of the radionuclides associated with them. 

The phase composition of the resulted specimens was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Rod-like pieces (3x3xl5mm) and disk-shaped pieces (2mm thickness and 10mm diameter) were cut out for the electrical conductivity measurement and the thermal conductivity measurement, respectively. Microstmcture and phase distribution were observed by a scanning electron microscopy equipped with EPMA (JEOL JXA-8621MX). Electrical conductivity was measured using a D.C. four-probe method. Thermal conductivity was measured using a laser-flash technique. All the measurements were performed in the temperature range of 300 to 1200 K. 

The calibration technique used makes trimming of the sensor possible at the end of the fabrication process (including housing of the sensor). Furthermore only electrical signals are required (no laser cutting is needed). The calibration data are stored permanently on the chip. 

Microdissection via the laser adhesive technique may be a solution to this plight (Banks et al. 1999). The tissue sample (e.g., the punctate) is cut into slices with the microtome and the slices are stained with hematoxylin and eosin. You lay the stained cut on a glass plate and push it under an inverted microscope. Now you identify the tumor and lay a little tube on the interesting area. The bottom of the little tube is sealed with a UVA polymer film. The film thus touches the tissue. Now the cancerous parts of the tissue are glued to the film. This is done with a laser beam directed at the desired areas. Once the adhesion is complete, you take the little tube off, with film and the tissue that is stuck to it. The rest of the cut remains on the glass plate. Now the little tube is put on an Eppendorf cup like a lid. In the cup there is sample buffer. If you turn the cup aroimd, the sample buffer loosens the protein from the film (Figure 7.3). 

Advanced cutting techniques provide users with processes which surpass the conventional laser cutting capabilities using oxygen in both the workpiece accuracy and edge quality. 

In the laser bonding technique, film stacks are locally fused by means of a laser beam (Fang et al. 2011). Commercial Teflon FEP Aims were used for the sample preparation. Regular square holes are cut into an FEP Aim separated by FEP stripes. The patterned film was sandwiched with two uniform FEP films. By applying a laser beam at selected points along the FEP stripes, the FEP melted loeally and finally fused after the laser is moved away. 

The waterjet technology offers its users several important advantages compared to traditional machining methods and other nontraditional machining techniques as well (laser cutting, plasma cutting, and ultrasonic machining), for example,... 

AIWJ is today s state of the art and is worldwide applied in industrial manufacturing with pressures up to 6000 bar. With the AWIJ, all hard materials such as metals, ceramic- and fiber-reinforced composite materials, glass, or stone can be cut. In this field, the abrasive waterjet competes with mechanical sawing, wire sawing, punching, EDM, and laser and thermal cutting techniques. 

In some instances multiple AM techniques are combined within the same machine or AM is combined with subtractive techniques such as computer numerical control milhng or laser cutting. For instance, by combining a simple... 

Another approach is to coat the cutting tool material with a carbide former, such as titanium or siUcon or their respective carbides by CVD and deposit diamond on top of it. The carbide layer may serve as an iaterface between diamond and the cemented carbide, thus promoting good bonding. Yet another method to obtain adherent diamond coatings is laser-iaduced microwave CVD. By ablating the surface of the substrate with a laser (typically, ArF excimer laser) and coating this surface with diamond by microwave CVD, it is possible to improve the adhesion between the tool and the substrate. Partial success has been achieved ia this direction by many of these techniques. 

Nondestructive radiation techniques can be used, whereby the sample is probed as it is being produced or delivered. However, the sample material is not always the appropriate shape or size, and therefore has to be cut, melted, pressed or milled. These handling procedures introduce similar problems to those mentioned before, including that of sample homogeneity. This problem arises from the fact that, in practice, only small portions of the material can be irradiated. Typical nondestructive analytical techniques are XRF, NAA and PIXE microdestructive methods are arc and spark source techniques, glow discharge and various laser ablation/desorption-based methods. On the other hand, direct solid sampling techniques are also not without problems. Most suffer from matrix effects. There are several methods in use to correct for or overcome matrix effects ... 

Experimental considerations Sample preparation and data evaluation are similar to membrane osmometry. Since there is no lower cut-off as in membrane osmometry, the method is very sensitive to low molar mass impurities like residual solvent and monomers. As a consequence, the method is more suitable for oligomers and short polymers with molar masses up to (M)n 50kg/mol. Today, vapour pressure osmometry faces strong competition from mass spectrometry techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) [20,21]. Nevertheless, vapour pressure osmometry still has advantages in cases where fragmentation issues or molar mass-dependent desorption and ionization probabilities come into play. 

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