Large-scale complex systems

E-Cell Keio University Object-oriented software suite for modeling, simulation, and analysis of large-scale complex systems such as biological cells (http //www. e -cell, org/models/)... 

Laracy, Joseph R. A Systems-Theoretic Security Model for Large Scale, Complex Systems Applied to the U.S. Air Transportation System. Master s thesis. Engineering Systems Division, MIT, 2007. 

Health care and its high-risk counterparts are large-scale complex systems in which decisions are made with less than perfect information, in stressful conditions that are full of imcertainty. To add to these challenges, large-scale complex systems have specific organizational characteristics that challenge the pursuit of safety (Grabowski and Roberts, 1997) ... 

Multiple cultures. Many distinct cultures operate simultaneously in large-scale complex systems. Doctors, nurses, and pharmacists are all socialized and trained in distinct ways, even though successful outcomes in their fields require highly aligned teamwork. 

Intended and unintended consequences. In a large-scale complex system, every action has intended consequences, but may have unplanned outcomes as well. For example, given the complexity of the human body, one person may suffer an allergic reaction to a drug, whereas another tolerates the drug well. 

Risk migration. Risk that is mitigated in one part of a large-scale complex system can move to another part. For example, an intensive care unit may discharge a patient at 11 00 A.M. in order to maximize its own efficiency and functioning, but that hour may also be the time that is most chaotic and risk-prone in the unit to which the patient is being transferred. 

Although health care shares characteristics with other large-scale complex systems, there are differences that challenge high-reliability performance. Roberts (1999) has studied HROs and found several characteristics that define high reliability. 

Health care organizations are large-scale complex systems. In large-sctJe complex systems decisions are made with less than perfect infiarmation, and in uncertain, stressful conditions. Other characteristics include simultaneous autonomy and interdependence, the existence of multiple cultures, intended and unintended consequences, long incubation periods during which risk can arise, and risk migration. 

Artacho E, Sanchez-Portal D, Orde]6on P, Garcia A and Soler J M 1999 Linear-scaling ah initio calculations for large and complex systems Phys. Status Soiidi B 215 809... 

The description of small scale turbulent fields in confined spaces by fundamental approaches, based on statistical methods or on the concept of deterministic chaos, is a very promising and interesting research task nevertheless, at the authors knowledge, no fundamental approach is at the moment available for the modeling of large-scale confined systems, so that it is necessary to introduce semi-empirical models to express the tensor of turbulent stresses as a function of measurable quantities, such as geometry and velocity. Therefore, even in this case, a few parameters must be adjusted on the basis of independent measures of the fluid dynamic behavior. In any case, it must be underlined that these models are very complex and, therefore, well suited for simulation of complex systems but neither for identification of chemical parameters nor for online control and diagnosis [5, 6],... 

Artacho E, Sanchez-Portal D, Ordejon P, Garcia A, Soler JM (1999) Linear-Scaling ab-initio Calculations for Large and Complex Systems, Phys Status Solidi B 215 809-817... 

Artacho E, Sanchez-Portal D, Ordejon P, Garcia A, Soler JM (1999) Linear-scaling ab-initio calculations for large and complex systems. Phys Status Solid B 215 809-817 Sato F, Yoshihiro T, Era M, Kashiwagi H (2001) Calculation of all-electron wavefunction of hemoprotein cytochrome c by density functional theory. Chem Phys Lett 341 645-651 Inaba T, Tahara S, Nisikawa N, Kashiwagi H, Sato F (2005) AU-electron density functional calculation on insuhn with quasi-canonical localized orbitals. J Comput Chem 26 987-993... 

The above steps are conducted in three different reactors. Differences of individual VCM licensers are mainly due to the reaction systems. The reactors determine the amount of impurities, and consequently the purification equipment and energy requirements, Details about technology may be found in Ullmann (vol. A6, 1986). Proper handling of impurities is a crucial for sustainability of a VCM process. This problem is a complex combination of chemistry, thermodynamics, design and control, whose solution has a generic value for large-scale complex processes. 

Linear-Scaling Ab-Initio Calculations for Large and Complex Systems. 

Efficiency of large scale transport systems is difficult to define and measure because of system complexity and range. According to definition, efficiency is a result of undertaken actions, described by relation of gained effects to expenditures (Leontiadism et al. 2011). Efficiency is correlated to performance taking right actions, and... 

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