Lactate biosensors

W. Trettnak, O.S. Wolfbeis, A fully reversible fiber optic lactate biosensor based on the intrinsic fluorescence of lactate monooxygenase, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 1989, 334, 427. 

R. Zaydan, M. Dion and M. Boujtita, Development of a new method, based on a bioreactor coupled with an L-lactate biosensor, toward the determination of a nonspecific inhibition of L-lactic acid production during milk fermentation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52(1) (2004) 8-14. 

Some recent lactate biosensor systems utilising screen-printed carbon electrodes... 

A different lactate biosensor was proposed by Pfeiffer et al. [152], who used an enzyme sandwich membrane that was commercially available for whole blood lactate analysers. The membrane was inserted into a flow cell connected to a microdialysis probe. This membrane showed a significant day-to-day variation in sensitivity ( 50%), but no trend in sensitivity decrease. The problem of rejecting interference has not been completely solved by this system. However, the continuous monitoring of subcutaneous lactate was feasible at least in small rodents, and results were consistent with liquid chromatographic measurements performed on dialysate samples collected during the in vivo experiment. 

Palmisano et al. [34] developed a lactate biosensor where the LOD enzyme was electrochemically immobilized in a bilayer membrane formed from 1,2-diaminobenzene and an overoxidized polypyrrole, thus achieving an effective exclusion of electrochemical interferents. This system allowed the measurement of lactate content in untreated, undiluted milk and yoghurt samples. 

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been immobilized on silica gel coated with niobium oxide carbon paste electrode for the development of lactate biosensor. This biosensor shows good sensitivity allows lactate estimation upto 6.5 x 10-6 mol L-1. Moreover, the biosensor shows linear range from 0.1 to 14 mmol L-l for lactate. [111]. 

Lactate oxidase, horseradish peroxidase Graphite-Teflon Amperometric lactate biosensor [91]... 

The lifetime of a biosensor array is always limited by the enzyme which loses its activity first. Compared with the stable enzymes glucose oxidase and glutamate oxidase, lactate oxidase is very brittle and unstable. However, owing to the overloading of enzyme activity in the membranes and especially by the stabilizing effect of pHEMA, even the lactate biosensor can be operated continuously in bovine serum for 1 month at 37°C. 

TVettnak, W., Wolfbeis, O. S., A Fully Reversible Fiber Optic Lactate Biosensor Based on the Intrinsic Fluorescence of Lactate Monooxygenase , Fresenius Z. AnaL Chem. 334 (1989) 427-430. 

Typical time response curve of an intrinsic lactate biosensor exposed to air-saturated lactacte solutions for 55 s, followed by flushing with citrate buffer. From [79],... 

Kobayashi, Y. Hoshi, T. Anzai, J. Glucose and lactate biosensors prepared by a layer-by-layer deposition of eoneanavalin A and mannose-labeled enzymes electrochemical response in the presence of electron mediators. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 755. 

Figure 4 shows a response curve for the first NADH-based biosensor configured for the measurement of lactate. A steady-state fluorescence signal is measured as a steady-state concentration of HADH is established at the sensor tip. As expected, the magnitude of this signal increases with an increase in the lactate concentration. A detection limit (S/N >3) of 2 yM has been measured for this lactate biosensor. 

Figure 10.7 Effect of storage time on the response of a conducting polyaniline based lactate biosensor LOD in solution phase and LOD in immobilised state...

Different lactate oxidising enzymes use different co-substrates and, therefore, a variety of electrochemical indicator reactions in biosensors can be utilised. Most of the lactate biosensors are based on enzymes like lactate oxidase (LOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). A needle-type lactate biosensor has been recently developed by Yang and coworkers who fabricated poly (1,3-phenylenediamine) electrodes immobilised with LOD for continuous intravascular lactate monitoring [185]. In the enzyme electrodes based on LDH, the biochemical reaction has been coupled to the electrode via NADH oxidation, either directly [119,123,163], or by using mediators [186] or additional enzymes [119]. This may lead to a shift of the unfavourable reaction equilibrium by partial trapping of the reduced cofactor. Direct oxidation of NADH requires potentials of more than 0.4 V ... 

Chaubey, A., M. Gerard, R. Singhal, V.S. Singh, and B.D. Malhotra. 2001. Immobilization of lactate dehydrogenase on electrochemically prepared polypyrrole-polyvinylsulphonate composite films for application to lactate biosensors. Electrochim Acta 46 (5) 723. 

A FI optical fiber glucose and lactate biosensor [70-72] and a thin-lilm glucose ECL biosensor were also developed based on alcohol-free mesoporous molecular sieve silica modified electrode [73] and immobilization of GOD with MWNT/ Nafion film [74—76]. 

Haghighi B, Bozorgzadeh S (2011) Fabrication of a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence lactate biosensor using ZnO nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Talanta 85(4) 2189-2193. doi 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.071... 

Rawson, F.J., Purcell, W.M., Xu, J. et al. (2009) A microband lactate biosensor fabricated using a water-based screen-printed carbon ink. Talanta, 11,1149. 

Radoi, A., D. Moscone, and G. Palleschi. 2010. Sensing the lactic acid in probiotic yogurts using an 1-lactate biosensor coupled with a microdialysis fiber inserted in a flow analysis system. Anal. Lett. 43 1301-1309. 

Piano, M., S. Serban, R. Pittson, G. A. Drago, and J. P. Flart. 2010. Amperometric lactate biosensor for flow injection analysis based on a screen-printed carbon electrode containing Meldola s Blue-Reinecke salt, coated with lactate dehydrogenase and NAD. Talanta 82 34-37. 

Yashina, E. I., A. V. Borisova, E. E. Karyakina et al. 2010. Sol-gel immobilization of lactate oxidase from organic solvent Toward the advanced lactate biosensor. Anal. Chem. 82 1601-1604. 

Ciobanu, M., Taylor, D. E., Jr., Wilburn, J. R, Cbffel, D. E. Glucose and lactate biosensors for scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging of single live cells. Anal Chem 2008, 80, 2111-2121. 

H. Teymourian, A. Salimi, R. Hallaj, Low potential detection of NADH based on Fc304 nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite Fabrication of integrated dehydrogenase-based lactate biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 33 (2012) 60-68. 

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