Lab-Scale Experiments

NIR methods are not the only on-line applications for blend monitoring FT-Raman " and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) have been utilized. Refer to Chapter 11 for a comprehensive review of LIF. As stated herein, NIRS is well established as an effective and advantageous means to deem blend homogeneity and blending end point, however there are circumstances in which NIR is insufficient. For example, LIF can be more suitable for blends with low drug load. Lai and Cooney illustrated in a lab-scale experiment that LIE yielded a limit of detection below 0.02% w/w for a given API. ... 

Economic and market analyses presented in this session appropriately complement previous technical sessions and address cmcial aspects that will determine which processes of nuclear hydrogen production will be developed beyond lab-scale experiments and may be ultimately commercialised. They contribute in particular to orient decisions to be taken in 2009 about the selection of hydrogen production process to be tested with the NGNP and about the creation of a consortium to support the next phases of the project. 

Fig. 5. Flow diagram of the NF/LPRO plant (lab-scale experiments, Janu-ary-March 2005).

Although ELM technique is quite efficient essentially due to the thinness of the membrane, large-scale application of this technique is limited in view of the difficulties encountered in the demulsification step needed for the recovery of the trapped metal ion. On the other hand, promise of the SLM technique has been demonstrated in the lab scale experiments. Large-scale applications of SLM require additional work in the area of stability/reusability of the membranes. Apart from the selective extraction, there is a need to develop the membranes that are compatible with the diluent/solvent mixture with respect to physical properties such as surface tension and viscosity. In addition, chemical/radiation environment of the feed/strip solution to which these membranes are subjected over long duration is an area of particular concern. Additional stability can be obtained by developing chemically grafted membranes. 

Lab-scale experiments in a pressurised thermobalance facility, operating up to 50 bar and 1000°C under isothermal as well as non-isothermal conditions. 

Lab-scale experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of a wide range of fuels for CPO reformers. Some of the fuels examined are methane, ethanol, methanol, JP-8, diesel, and bio-oil or biodiesel. Products from different fuels can be tuned toward either syngas or olefins by changing the 02/C, steam/C ratio, and the catalyst.20,21... 

Lab-, pilot-, and plant-scale experiments all play important roles in drying research. Lab-scale experiments are often necessary to study product characteristics and physical properties pilot-scale experiments are often used in proof-of-concept process tests and to generate larger quantities of sample material and plant-scale experiments are often needed to diagnose processing problems and to start or change a full-scale process. 

In a typical lab-scale experiment to determine Y and k, a series of wastewater batch reactors are run at a controlled temperature (usually 20°C), or room temperature, until steady state is achieved. Several batch reactors are run at different organic loading rates. At steady state, the effluent, the substrate, and cell (VSS)... 

On behalf of KTI an experimental programme on these reactor concepts has been started at the University of Southern California (USC). Some of the experimental results, concerning the use of Knudsen diffusion membranes are available in the literature [32,40]. These data have been used to calculate the economics of an isothermal propane dehydrogenation membrane reactor concept and are compared with the commercial Oleflex and Catofin processes, based on an adiabatic concept. The experimental circumstances of these lab-scale experiments, especially residence time, pressures and gas composition are not the same as in commercial, large-scale processes. However, we do not expect these differences to have a great influence on the results of the work presented here. 

Adding alternative electron acceptors may be a useful tool in the context of ENA. Nitrate, for example, has been used as an especially cost efficient and easy to handle alternative to oxygen. Although MTBE degradation with alternative electron acceptors has been measured in lab-scale experiments, the degradation rates are commonly low and there exists to date no field study using alternative electron acceptors for an ENA approach. 

Gurol et al. [98] conducted lab-scale experiments with a synthetic ground-water (adjusted pH and alkalinity) in which 123mg/L initial MTBE concentration were fully ehminated by UV/ozone at an influent gaseous ozone concentration of 70 mg/L. 

Damm et al. [116] investigated MTBE elimination with permanganate in lab-scale experiments in buffered, decarbonized ultrapure water at initial MTBE concentrations of approx. 120 mg/L and molar permanganate MTBE ratios between 6.6 and 117.3. MTBE was ehminated up to 99.9% with initial rates between 0.2 and 1.4 mg/L h. The reaction was foxmd to follow... 

The main advantage of photooxidation on lab-scale experiments is its versatility with regard to the choice of solvent and the wide operational temperature range. 

In order to model lab-scale experiments the separation performance of the bubble cap trays was derived from our own measurements, while data concerning the reactive packing were provided by Sulzer Chemtech. 

Fig. 3.9 shows a comparison between experimental and calculated concentration profiles in the laboratory column. A good agreement between model prediction and experiment can be observed. The simulation was able to describe all experimental data sets with the same accuracy as shown in Fig. 3.9. From these results, it was concluded that the equilibrium stage model is capable of describing the lab-scale experiments based solely on information on phase equilibrium, reaction kinetics and hardware set-up, giving the simulation a predictive character.

Chemical composition of key component determines the properties of the ceramics, while small quantities of other components will have significant effect on the processing and microstructural development of the materials. Low concentrations of dopants in the range of 0.1-10 at.% are usually used to enhance the sintering behavior and modify the microstructure. Trace impurity elements at concentrations less than a few hundred parts per million (ppm) are inevitably present even in the cleanest powders, which could also have significant effect, which has however often been overlooked. For lab-scale experiments of transparent ceramics, element analysis is generally not an indispensable step, because the main components and additives have aU been predesigned. 

Modeler Lab-scale experiments are performed to determine the model parameters of membrane separation. 

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