L-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium BMIM

Recently, a series of IL electrolytes were tested for their applications in Li-S cells. Traditionally, the TFSI anion dominates the anion part of the ILs for the Li-S electrolytes, while typical cation examples are including the l-butyl-3- methyl-imidazolium (BMIM), l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM), 1-butyl-1-methy Ipyrrolidinium (PYR14), and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium (PiP14) in Fig. 11 [18]. As in the traditional liquid electrolyte systems, the physical properties determine the solubility power charge distribution, polarity, viscosity and so forth. In the IL systems, however, the permittivity is largely independent of the combination of cations and anions, while variation in cations and anions affects the molecular level interactions, type/strengtii, and solvation. Due to unique properties, the ILs were studied as effective liquid electrolytes for the Li-S cells. 

Due to the nature of ionic interaction between gelatin and ILs we also verify that hydrogen bonding played an important role on the mechanism of interaction between IL and gelatin. In fact Table 1 shows a selection of cation/anion combinations that provided the formation of either Ion Jelly or solid structures, l-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium [emim], l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium [bmim], l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium [bdmim], l-decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium [Ciomim] and tri-n-octyl-methylammonium (Aliquat336 ). 

The ability of a series of pure alkyl poly-(oxyethyleneglycol) ethers in l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium (bmim) ILs with various counter ions [BF4-, PFe and Tf2N-, that is, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide Figure 1] to form micellar systems was investigated. 

To introduce the Rh-centre in the supported ionic liquid, a solution of [Rh(CO)2(acac)] in acetonitrile was treated with either the ligand tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine trisodium salt (TPPTS) or the ligand tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine tris(l- butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) salt (TPPTI) (Rh/P ratio of 1 10). The ligand TPPTI was found to dissolve in [BMIM][BF4] and... 

An ionic liquid was fully immobilized, rather than merely supported, on the surface of silica through a multiple-step synthesis as shown in Fig. 15 (97). A ligand tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine tris(l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) salt (tppti) was prepared so that the catalyst, formed from dicarbonylacetylacetonate rhodium and the ligand (P/Rh = 10), could be soluble in both [BMIMJBFq and [BMIM]PF6. The supported ionic liquid-catalyst systems showed nearly three times higher rate of reaction (rate constant = 65 min ) that a biphasic system for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene at 100°C and 1500 psi in a batch reactor, but the n/i selectivity was nearly constant the same for the two ( 2.4). Unfortunately, both the supported and the biphasic ionic liquid systems exhibited similar metal leaching behavior. 

According to the nature of their counter anion, ionic liquids (ILs) can dissolve a large amount of carbohydrates. In 2003, Moreau and co-workers reported the acid-catalyzed dehydration of fructose in a microbatch reactor at 80°C using l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BM1M BF4 ) (hydrophilic), and l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM Fe (hydrophobic) (Scheme 10) [95]. 

Aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones was accomplished in ionic liquids (bmim, l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation) as RuCl2(PPh3)j/(bmim)V80°C RuClj or [RuCl Cp-cymene)] were also used... 

Triolo, A., Mandanici, A., Russina, O., Rodriguez-Mora, V., Cutroni, M., Hardacre, C., Nieuwenhuyzen, M., Bleif, H.-J., Keller, L., and Ramos, M. A., Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics in room temperature ionic liquids The case of l-butyl-3-methyl Imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PFJ),7. Phys. Chem. B, 110,21357-21364, 2006. 

The reaction does not occur obviously in three commonly used ILs l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([BMIm]Cl), 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetra-fluoroborate ([BMIm]BF4), l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIm]PF6). Only 3 % yield can be obtained in water, indicating PEG is the best solvent for the oxidation of secondary alcohols when using Co(II)/ZnO as catalyst. This is because PEG can form Co(II) complex (Co(II)L), which can activate 02 molecule and thereby promote the oxidation of organic compounds (Scheme 3.3) [26]. 

Potentiostat, (typically, Echochemie, Autolab PGSTAT), Schlenk tube x 2, aluminum sheet, mild steel rods, P400 sand paper, anhydrous AICI3, l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([BMIM]C1), toluene, acetone, dichloromethane, HC1, HNO3, H3PO4, acetic acid, isopropanol. 

The palladium-catalyzed dimerization of methyl acrylate was found to proceed smoothly in a [BMIM][BF4]/scC02 biphasic system [42] (BMIM = l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium). The catalytic system comprises phosphonium salts and HBF4 as cocatalysts, making the IL environment particularly attractive. The partitioning of substrates and products between the IL and scC02 was investigated and the data were used for planning of the reaction conditions. Turnover numbers up to 560 and turnover frequencies up to 195 h-1 were obtained under optimized conditions. 

These diphosphine ligands are often suitable or can be modified for use in biphasic systems. Sulfonation of xantphos led to a suitable water-soluble ligand [2,7-bis(S03Na)-xantphos], which was employed for hydroformylation of propylene, 1-hexene, and 4-styrene sulfonate. " HP-NMR confirmed that the diphosphine adopted the desired ee configuration. A rhodium-sulfoxantphos complex was employed for hydroformylation of 1-octene in [bmim]PF6, where bmim= l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium. " High pressure studies showed that the ee-ea ratio was sensitive to temperature and syngas pressure variations, but not to hydrogen partial pressure. 

Figure 1.6 Electrochemical potential window of neutral l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluo-rophosphate ([BMIM] PF ). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [25], 2002, Elsevier.)...

In addition to traditional organocatalysis, ionic liquids as new catalytic systems have been explored. The first examples used nonimmobilised OTBDPS-L-Ser, protonated arginine or lysine in the presence of ionic liquids based on l-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium ([bmim], [hmim], [omim]) or JV-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium ([bmpy]) ions. The systems, in addition to giving the aldol adducts with high yields and ee, are efficient for catalyst recovery and reuse. Since 2010 new structures containing a primary amino acid coupled with a 1,2,3-triazolium salt, an acyl group or a polystyrene have been developed. The more effective ones for the aldol reaction depicted Scheme 12.3 (13, 14 and 15, respectively) are represented in Figure 12.3. 

Figure 4.7 CVs for the oxidation of AA (1.0 mM] at bare [curve a] and l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride [[BMIM][Cl]]-modified [curve b] GC electrodes in 0.10 M phosphate buffer. Curves a and b represent CVs obtained at the above electrodes in the same solution containing no AA. Scan rate, 100 mV s" Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.

Seth, D., Chakraborty, A., Setua, P., and Sarkar, N. 2007. Interaction of ionic liquid with water with variation of water content in l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PFg])/TX-100/water ternary microemulsions monitored by solvent and rotational relaxation of Coumarin 153 and Coumarin 490. J. Chem. Phys. 126, 224512/1-224512/12. 

Current investigations are aimed at providing polymers derived from renewable resources but with electroactive properties. For example, an ionic liquid (l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride BMIM-Cl) was used as a plasticizer in starch, zein and their blends, and compared to glycerol, as a classical plasticizer of starch [96]. 

Ionic liquids are often used as reaction solvent for the synthesis and modification of polymers due to their green character [76]. The first paper on ionic liquids as solvent for enzymatic polymerization appeared in 2002. Lipase-catalyzed ROP of e-CL and the polycondensation between diethyl adipate or sebacate and 1,4-butane diol were achieved in an ionic liquid such as l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium salts ([bmim] [PFs]). The ROP gave rise to PCL with of4,200 MJMn = 2.7) in 97% yields at 60°C after 7 days [77]. Lipase CA-catalyzed ROP of e-CL in three ionic liquids, [bmimliBFJ, [bmim][PF6], and [bmim][(CF3S02)2N], at 60°C for 24 h produced PCL with a higher of 7,000-9,500 2.4) in good yields. In... 

A variety of nucleophilic substitutions, including fluorinahon, can be accomplished in ionic liquids (Section 9.5) such as l- -butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BFJ) [90],... 

Bmim-PFg (l-butyl-3-methyl-lH-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was used as solvent and hydemim-PF (l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-l H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was used as functionalized ionic liquid (so-called task-specific ionic liquid) (Scheme 16.5) [94],... 

An example of an AIL is l-n-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluoroborate (bmim PFe) with a melting point of —8 °C [22] and a decomposition temperature higher than 180 °C. AlLs are more difficult to synthesize, and the anions such as PFe are usually subject to hydrolysis in contact with air, but they show more ionicity than PILs. Therefore, they can be of interest, for example, for electrochemical devices [21]. 

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