L-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium

Figure 5.23 Ring of 48 tip-generated Fe clusters on Au(1 1 1) in l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium BF4 + approximately 50mM FeCl3. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95].)...

As reported by Griengl and coworkers, benzaldehyde, decanal, undecanal, and dodecanal were reacted with HCN in a two-phase solvent system aqueous buffer and ionic liquids 1 -ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1 -methyl-3-propylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate in the presence of the HNLs from Prunus amygdalus and Hevea brasiliensis. When compared with the use of organic solvents as the nonaqueous phase, the reaction rate was significantly increased and the enantioselectivity remained good [51]. 

To introduce the Rh-centre in the supported ionic liquid, a solution of [Rh(CO)2(acac)] in acetonitrile was treated with either the ligand tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine trisodium salt (TPPTS) or the ligand tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine tris(l- butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) salt (TPPTI) (Rh/P ratio of 1 10). The ligand TPPTI was found to dissolve in [BMIM][BF4] and... 

Interestingly, catalyst 3a showed higher racemization activities in ionic liquids such as [EMlm]BF4 and [BMlm]PF,5 ([EMlm]=l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, [BMlm]=l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) [19]. The DKR in ionic liquids has one big... 

An ionic liquid was fully immobilized, rather than merely supported, on the surface of silica through a multiple-step synthesis as shown in Fig. 15 (97). A ligand tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine tris(l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) salt (tppti) was prepared so that the catalyst, formed from dicarbonylacetylacetonate rhodium and the ligand (P/Rh = 10), could be soluble in both [BMIMJBFq and [BMIM]PF6. The supported ionic liquid-catalyst systems showed nearly three times higher rate of reaction (rate constant = 65 min ) that a biphasic system for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene at 100°C and 1500 psi in a batch reactor, but the n/i selectivity was nearly constant the same for the two ( 2.4). Unfortunately, both the supported and the biphasic ionic liquid systems exhibited similar metal leaching behavior. 

According to the nature of their counter anion, ionic liquids (ILs) can dissolve a large amount of carbohydrates. In 2003, Moreau and co-workers reported the acid-catalyzed dehydration of fructose in a microbatch reactor at 80°C using l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BM1M BF4 ) (hydrophilic), and l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM Fe (hydrophobic) (Scheme 10) [95]. 

Aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones was accomplished in ionic liquids (bmim, l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation) as RuCl2(PPh3)j/(bmim)V80°C RuClj or [RuCl Cp-cymene)] were also used... 

The imidazolium compounds l-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (EMIM-Cl), l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-BuMIM-Cl), and l-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-HeMIM-Cl), toluene (anhydrous, 99.99%), and HCl were obtained from Sigma Aldrich whereas, l-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-OcMIM-Cl), l-Dodecyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-chloride (n-DoMIM-Cl) were... 

Domariska, U. and Marciniak, A., Liquid phase behaviour of l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethylsulfate with organic solvents and... 

Most recently, it was found that the thermal stability of geminal dicationic ILs is considerably higher than their monocationic analogs [22]. Figure 4.1 illustrates the increase in thermal stability of dicationic ILs containing the [TfjN] anion (traces D-G) compared to the monocationic l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ILs containing Cl , PF, and TfjN anions. 

Figure 9.5 Sammon map representing similarity of extraction ability of solvents (with respect to extraction of neutral organic compounds). The closer the points are on the map, the more similar are the corresponding solvents. Conventional solvents are designated by numbers, some representative numbers are m-xylene—35, butyl acetate—9, 1-octanol—40. The point marked BMImPF, represents l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4CiIm][PF5]).

Triolo, A., Mandanici, A., Russina, O., Rodriguez-Mora, V., Cutroni, M., Hardacre, C., Nieuwenhuyzen, M., Bleif, H.-J., Keller, L., and Ramos, M. A., Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics in room temperature ionic liquids The case of l-butyl-3-methyl Imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PFJ),7. Phys. Chem. B, 110,21357-21364, 2006. 

Antony, J. H., Mertens, D., Dolle, A., Wasserscheid, R, and Carper, W. R., Molecular reorientational dynamics of the neat ionic liquid l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate by measurement of C nuclear magnetic relaxation data., Chem. Phys. Chem., 4, 588-594, 2003. 

Fig. 24.1 Chemical structure of common ionic liquids in biotransformation 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolimn tetrafluoroborate and l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluoroborate...

Fig. 8.6. Liquid-liquid equilibria of alcohol-ionic liquid mixtures [105], The left side shows the LLE curves of l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-PF6 mixtures with alcohols (ethanol, blue 1-propanol, red and 1-butanol, green symbols). The experimental curves (solid symbols) show a shape different from the calculated LLE curves, but the upper critical-solution temperatures (UCST) are surprisingly well met. On the right side, the trends of the UCST with a modification of the 1-alkyl-group of the anion (butyl = 4, octyl = 8) is shown. Again, the COSMO-RS predictions (open symbols, same color code as on the left) are in surprisingly good agreement with the experimental data.

The reaction does not occur obviously in three commonly used ILs l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([BMIm]Cl), 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetra-fluoroborate ([BMIm]BF4), l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIm]PF6). Only 3 % yield can be obtained in water, indicating PEG is the best solvent for the oxidation of secondary alcohols when using Co(II)/ZnO as catalyst. This is because PEG can form Co(II) complex (Co(II)L), which can activate 02 molecule and thereby promote the oxidation of organic compounds (Scheme 3.3) [26]. 

Potentiostat, (typically, Echochemie, Autolab PGSTAT), Schlenk tube x 2, aluminum sheet, mild steel rods, P400 sand paper, anhydrous AICI3, l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([BMIM]C1), toluene, acetone, dichloromethane, HC1, HNO3, H3PO4, acetic acid, isopropanol. 

The hydroformylation of 1-hexene by supported ionic liquid catalysis (SILC) was recently reported by researchers at ExxonMobil. In this system, the active catalyst HRh(CO)(tppti)3 (tppti = tri(m-sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine tris(l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium)) is contained within the ionic liquid phase while excess tppti ligand is immobilized in the support material. TOP values of 65 min" were obtained with silc while an unsupported biphasic ionic liquid medium gave TOP values of 23 min. ... 

A basic ionic liquid, l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hydroxide, [bmImjOH, was found to catalyze the Knoevenagel condensation of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones with active methylene compounds elSciently in the absence of any organic solvent (Scheme 5.58). Coumarins have been obtained in one step from the reaction of o-hydroxy aldehydes following this procedure. ... 

Khan FA, Sudheer C, Seihu N (2005) l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetralluoroborate as a recyclable reaction medium for Henry reaction. Synth Commun 35 201-207... 

In another approach, the dehydration has been conducted in ionic liquids (l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) under acid or metal chloride catalysis yielding HMF up to more than 80% nearly without any formation of by-products like levulinic acid [32], When using chromium(II) chloride as catalyst even D-glucose could be used as feedstock since this catalyst is effective for the in situ isomerization of o-glucose to o-fructose before dehydration takes place to produce HMF in 70% yield. The catalyst system N-heterocyclic carbene/CrCU in l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride has been developed for the selective conversion of D-fructose (96% yield) and o-glucose (81% yield) [33]. 

The palladium-catalyzed dimerization of methyl acrylate was found to proceed smoothly in a [BMIM][BF4]/scC02 biphasic system [42] (BMIM = l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium). The catalytic system comprises phosphonium salts and HBF4 as cocatalysts, making the IL environment particularly attractive. The partitioning of substrates and products between the IL and scC02 was investigated and the data were used for planning of the reaction conditions. Turnover numbers up to 560 and turnover frequencies up to 195 h-1 were obtained under optimized conditions. 

TPPTI Triphenylpbospbine trisulpbonate tris(l-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium) salt... 

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