Kochia

Note Values in a row not followed by the same letter are significantly different, P<0.05, ANOVA and Duncan s multiple-range test. Kochia data adapted with permission from Einhelliq and Schon (29), Copyright 1982, the National Research Council of Canada. 

Kochia scoparia, leaves Ferulic acid, myricetin, quercitin 82... 

Matsuda H, Dai Y, Ido Y, et al. Studies on Kochiae fiructus. V. Antipruritic effects of oleanolic acid glycosides and the structure-requirement. Biol Pharm Bull 1998 21 1231-1233. 

Residues incorporated or Dandelion Taraxacum officinale L. Weber, perennial on the soil surface sowthistle Sonchus arvensis L., kochia Kochia... 

Hemp sesbania Sesbania exalta (Raf.) Cory, hairy nightshade Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner), longspine sandbur Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern., Kochia Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., shepherd s-purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.), green foxtail Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 

Red, itchy and weeping skin disorder use Bai Xian Pi [Dictamni cortex), Di Fu Zi [Kochiae fructus) and Ku Shen [Sophorae flavescentis radix) to clear heat and dry dampness. 

Among these, saponins isolated from the rhizome of Panax japonicus and the fruit of Kochia scoparia (that contain approximately 20% of saponins) have been demonstrated to possess gastroprotective properties. Some oleanolic acid oligoglycosides, extracted from P. japonicus and K. scoparia, showed protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric damage. Moreover, a methanol extract of P. japonicus rhizome was demonstrated to possess protective activity also on stress- or HCl-induced ulcers. The protective activities of all these active saponins are not due to inhibition of gastric acid secretion but probably due to activation of mucous membrane protective factors. 

The development of herbicide-resistant weeds has also been an influence on the selection of herbicides used on field corn or soybean. Weed resistance now affects nearly every decision a farmer makes about herbicide selection either a farmer is trying to control resistant weeds or is selecting herbicides that may reduce the possibility of weed populations becoming resistant. The adoption of the imidazolinone- and sulfonylurea-tolerant com hybrids mentioned above was in part a response to the presence of atrazine-tolerant pigweeds or kochia in many fields. However, a recent decrease in die use of imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides can also be attributed to the development of populations of weeds that have become resistant to these herbicides. 

Weed species resistant to the triazines that have been found in one or more fields in 10 or more states, provinces, or countries include smooth pigweed, Powell amaranth, redroot pigweed, common lamb s-quarters, kochia, common groundsel, black nightshade, and annual bluegrass (Tables 10.1(a) and 10.1(b)). 

Common hempnettle Hairy gaUnsoga SmaUflower gaUnsoga Marshelder Kochia... 

Within North America and a few other countries, most triazine-resistant weed biotypes have been reported after repeated use of atrazine in com and sorghum. In some areas of Western Europe and other countries, triazine-resistant weeds have been reported after repeated use of simazine in orchards and along roadsides. A few triazine-resistant weeds (e.g., kochia, cheatgrass, and common groundsel) have biotypes with triazine resistance in nurseries and perennial tree crops, as well as along railways and roadsides. 

For example, kochia is normally very sensitive to atrazine and can often be controlled with l.lkg/ha (llb/A) along railroads and on farm lands. However, Burnside et al. (1979) reported that after 13 years of atrazine use, Union Pacific personnel were applying up to 15 kg/ha (13 lb/A) with poor control. These high rates are no longer allowed for atrazine uses. The use of mixtures of triazines and herbicides with alternate modes of action has been an effective management strategy to control weeds resistant to triazines. 

Until the mid-1990s, multiple-resistance (i.e., resistance to more than one herbicide mode of action within the same biotype) had not been reported within North America. However, Foes et al. (1996) found a kochia biotype from western Illinois resistant to atrazine and several ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Lopez-Martinez et al. (1996) reported that a triazine-resistant Echinochloa species found in atrazine-treated com also showed cross-resistance to quinclorac. Clay and Underwood (1989) and Clay (1989) reported that one triazine-resistant biotype of American willowherb was also resistant to paraquat from a hop garden in the United Kingdom treated annually for 25 years with simazine and paraquat. 

Burnside, O.C., C.R. Salhoff, and A.C. Martin (1979). Kochia resistance to atrazine. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. Res. Rept., 36 64-65. 

Wicks, G.A., A.R. Martin, and G.W. Malinken (1993). Control of triazine resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in conservation tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 41 225-231. 

The first ALS-resistant weeds were reported in 1987 when prickly lettuce (Mallory-Smith, 1990 Mallory-Smith et al, 1990b) and kochia (Primiani et al, 1990) control failures occurred in Idaho and Kansas, respectively, after 5 consecutive years of chlorsulfuron use. The kochia biotype proved to be cross-resistant to six other ALS-inhibitor herbicides, including sulfonylureas and imidazolinones. Within 5 years, sulfonylurea-resistant kochia had been identified at 832 sites in 11 states of the United States and in three Canadian provinces (Saari et al, 1994). ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia and Russian thistle have become widespread problems in cereal-producing regions of northwestern United States and Canada. The mobility of these tumble weeds as plants with mature seeds or pollen carried by wind has undoubtedly contributed to the rate at which resistance has spread. 

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