Knock-on effects

Knock-on Effects Plants should be designed so that those incidents that do occur do not produce knock-on or domino effects. This can be done, for example, by ... 

SIMS is inherently damaging to the sample since ion bombardment removes some material from the surface. However, other forms of damage may also occur. These include surface roughening, knock-on effects, preferential sputtering, decomposition, and implantation of source ions [49]. 

By avoiding knock-on effects for example, if storage tanks have weak seam roofs, an explosion or overpressuring may blow the roof off, but the contents will not be spilled (see Section 5.2). 

It is difficult to manage the problem of high sludge production in lower pressure boilers where precipitation programs, especially carbonate conditioning, are used because it has a knock-on effect resulting in condensate line corrosion. The answer is always to install a water softener. The payback time is very short because of the reduced BD necessary as a result of decreased sludge production. 

Speaking generally, many laboratory studies have shown behavioral effects in vertebrates or invertebrates or both exposed to organochlorine, carbamate, OP, pyre-throid, and neonicotinoid insecticides. However, the critical questions are (1) to what extent have these effects been demonstrated at normal levels of exposure in the field and (2), if such effects have occurred in the field, have there been knock-on effects at the population level These issues will be returned to in Section 16.7. 

Avoiding knock-on effects By layout In other ways X X X X... 

The potential for knock-on effects resulting from equipment damage should be considered. 

Domino effect An incident which starts in one piece of equipment and affects other nearby items, such as vessels containing hazardous materials, by thermal blast or fragment impact. This can lead to escalation of consequences or frequency of occurrence. This is also known as a knock-on effect. 

Reducing knock-on effects from adjacent facilities... 

Such events had a knock on effect on the children s behaviours, derailing the stability of the household and leading to an increase in problems played out at home. Parental visits were often described as disruptive and unsettling for everyone concerned ... 

Chlorine gas is produced by the electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride) in Castner-Kellner cells (first operated in 1886), the main purpose of which is the production of sodium hydroxide solution. Williams (1972, p98) reports that the extent to which the Castner-Kellner process was worked in Britain depended on the ability to dispose of the chlorine. In this light the production of chlorinated organic compounds can be seen as a response to the need to use chlorine. The argument that we need to produce chlorinated organic compounds to use up chlorine was indeed put to me by manufacturers of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at a DETR-organized seminar on the lifecycle assessment of PVC in July 2001 PVC is the only product made in sufficient quantities to use up all the chlorine produced by other processes. This suggests that if a particular use of a chemical is stopped, because there is a better (less hazardous) way of achieving that purpose, it will have knock-on effects on the availability of chemicals that are co-produced... 

Compared with the momentum of impinging atoms or ions, we may safely neglect the momentum transferred by the absorbed photons and thus we can neglect direct knock-on effects in photochemistry. The strong interaction between photons and the electronic system of the crystal leads to an excitation of the electrons by photon absorption as the primary effect. This excitation causes either the formation of a localized exciton or an (e +h ) defect pair. Non-localized electron defects can be described by planar waves which may be scattered, trapped, etc. Their behavior has been explained with the electron theory of solids [A.H. Wilson (1953)]. Electrons which are trapped by their interaction with impurities or which are self-trapped by interaction with phonons may be localized for a long time (in terms of the reciprocal Debye frequency) before they leave their potential minimum in a hopping type of process activated by thermal fluctuations. 

There is also a knock-on effect in the pharmaceutical sciences area since they need both to validate that changes in the API synthesis do not affect the dosage form, and also introduce beneficial improvements of their own. 

The dependence of sputtering yield on ion energy is shown in Fig. 5.3 for different elemental targets. At moderate ion energies in the order of 30 to 1,000 eV, sputtering is characterized by knock on effects where the incident ions collide with a surface atom and these atoms further react with additional atoms. These events may eventually lead to a release of target material atoms. 

Any regulatory or corporate decision on chemical risk management will have knock-on effects through the manufacturing supply chains (Section 2.2.1). From past experience, chemicals regulation has caused some losses in the industrial competitiveness of EU firms... 

Metals may become locked up in the bottom sediments of aquatic systems by chemical reactions, where they may remain for many years. However, metal solubility increases if the pH falls and they become more mobile. In fact, one of the knock-on effects of acid rain is the transport of metals to lower levels in the soil profile, where they may damage deep-rooted plants and contaminate groundwater. A... 

The lanthanide contraction has a knock-on effect in the elements in the 5d transition series. It would naturally be expected that the 5d elements would show a similar increase in size over the 4d transition elements to that which the 4d elements demonstrate over the 3d metals. However, it transpires that the lanthanide contraction cancels this out, almost exactly, and this has pronounced effects on the chemistry, e.g. Pd resembling Pt rather than Ni, Hf is extremely similar to Zr. 

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