Kliiver

Kliiver, H. (1942) Mechanisms ofhallucinations. In Studies in Personality, edited by Q. McNemar and M. A. Merrill, pp. 175-207. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

Kliiver, H. (1966) Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 

Earlier investigations have indicated that the network of disulfide linkages found within /3-defensins is not required for antimicrobial activity. An investigation by Kliiver et al. has demonstrated that disulfide connectivity in a particular context is not required for antimicrobial activity. Indeed, HBD-3 derivatives lacking disulfide bonds were found to be as active as their cyclic analogues. This is in agreement with a previous study by Hoover et in which a linear variant of full-length HBD-3 retained antimicrobial activity... 

The dynamic interaction of perception, emotion, and cognition in the creation of conscious experience is highlighted by the visual image transformations that are enhanced by natural and drug-induced alterations of brain-mind state. Later in the book we will read the detailed accounts of such transformations in the reports by careful self-observers such as Albert Hofmann (who discovered the psychotogcnic potential of LSD) and Heinrich Kliiver (who used mescaline to study visual hallucination). In Hofmann and Kliiver s work, the most valuable descriptions are formal. That is, they emphasize form rather than content. 

Heinrich Kliiver, who devoted his scientific career to understanding the brain mechanisms of perception, was naturally fascinated by the experimental possibility of chemically altering perception (figure 15.1). Born in 1897, he was 21 when mescaline first became available and 23 when he himself first took the drug. Within ten years he had conducted and published the first systematic study of its effects (Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations, 1928). 

We can now explain the counterintuitive notion that mescaline might suppress normal dreaming by recognizing that many of the chemical analogues of the modulators of waking perception suppress REM sleep, and with it nocturnal dreams. It is only as the effects of mescaline are declining and REM sleep is escaping from inhibition that psychedelic dreams, like this one reported by Kliiver, may occur ... 

The emotions mescaline evokes are not always pleasant. Although one may feel euphoria and a sense of cosmic transcendence, one may also see grotesque faces and have a gripping sense of terror. By this time, the brain effects have spread far beyond the visual system. More specifically, they have by now clearly engaged those limbic structures that constituted Kliiver s second scientific focus of interest. 

Recent studies of dream emotion prove Kliiver and Bucy s point. They support the idea that it is the brain itself—and more specifically the limbic brain—that may generate fear (the number one dream affect), cosmic elation (number two), and anger (number three). To round out the picture, there are reports that an intensification of these same emotions colors the dreams of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Subjects may indeed evince rapid heart action, increases in blood pressure, and rises and falls of breathing efforts in REM sleep, but these are not sensed as part of the subjective experience of dream emotion. 

Kliiver s emphasis on form constants in his human mescaline work and his formal analysis of emotional behavior in his monkey lesion studies are scientifically exemplary. Although individuals vary widely in exactly... 

Kliiver, H. "Neurobiology of Normal and Abnormal Perception." In Zubin, J. (ed.) Psychopathology of Perception. New York Grune Stratton, 1965. 

Heinrich Kliiver said of the "mescal experience that the visual effects were its primary aspect, and he attempted to describe them using a limited number of "form-constants. For instance,grating, lattice, fretwork, filigree, honeycomb or chessboard designs represented one form-constant. Closely... 

Colors appearing most commonly in Indian experiences are said to be yellow, blue, green and red, inspired perhaps by the colors in fire and on the tepee or hogan walls. In the experiments carried out by Ellis and others, the color emphasis was on blue or violet, though Heinrich Kliiver found no color to be excluded. 

The Harvard recipient was the young ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, who had been a medical student until he happened upon Heinrich Kliiver s first monography on "mescal visions. As Schultes later wrote to Kliiver, reading that essay altered his life s course. Schultes changed his doctoral thesis to peyote use on the Kiowa reservation in Oklahoma and thereby began on a lifelong interest in mind-changing plants of the New World. 

W. Kliiver and W. Ruland, NMR-Studies of semicrystalline polymers using pulse techniques, in ... 

Other uncommon effects include psychotic exacerbation, catatonia-like states, and Kliiver-Bucy-like syndrome (SED-9, 81 SEDA-7, 67 174). 

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